Network ndi earthed ndale. grounding chingwe. magetsi grounding

Modern moyo wa munthu, chitonthozo chake ndi kupereka zonse zofunika, ali inextricably zogwirizana ndi magetsi. Uyamiko kwa Iye, munthu ali ndi njira yopezera zofunika pa moyo ndi mwayi zimakhudza zachilengedwe kuti tipindule pazipita moyo wanu. Koma ambiri pluses, amene ali magetsi, ndipo pali yaikulu opanda - zida ndi zipangizo zimawononga, ndiponso kutulutsa magetsi, ndi kuopseza munthu, ngati inu satsatira malamulo a ntchito zawo.

Magetsi ndi chitetezo malamulo a gulu

Mfundo yaikulu kulimbikitsa digiri pachiswe moyo wa munthu mu makhazikitsidwe a mtundu uliwonse ndi:

• nkhawa;
• mtundu wa grounding ndale;
• panopa mtengo closable pansi;
• kutchinjiriza mbali, umene utuluke panopa;
• kukaniza thupi la munthu;
• kulimbikira nthaka (nthaka) mu zone magetsi inawadutsa.

Kuyambira magwero zazikulu mu alipo "lamulo zipangizo zamagetsi" (RB), zoikamo onse m'magulu anayi.

Woyamba tichipeza unsembe ndi earthed ndale thiransifoma zikugwira ntchito ku 220 kV ndipo pamwamba, ndipo ndi bwino kupita kokacheza ndale - choyenera cha 110 mpaka 220 kV. Mogwira otsendereka-ndale ndi dera imene panopa kuchepetsa dera pansi, mwina akupanga osiyanasiyana resistances (yogwira, zotakasika ndipo sanali liniya) ndipo osati otsendereka ndale.

The chachiwiri imakhala unsembe, amene amagwiritsa akutali ndale kapena resonant earthed kudzera resistors ake Arc yimitsira ndi makina amene ikugwira ntchito Intaneti, ndi voteji a ku 3 35 kV.

Machitidwe lachitatu magetsi ntchito maukonde ndi ndale padziko lapansi, ndi voteji ndi kuchokera 110 mpaka 600 V. Mu zomera, nthaka vuto mafunde ndi lalikulu zedi.

Gulu chachinayi tichipeza machitidwe ndi akutali ndale, akugwira ntchito Intaneti mpaka 1 kV. Zomera zimenezi yaing'ono lapansi vuto panopa.

opareshoni abwino makhazikitsidwe magetsi

Kwathunthu kuthetsa zinthu zimene zingawononge thanzi ndi moyo wa anthu ntchito pa makhazikitsidwe magetsi, Sikutheka chifukwa ali ndi maziko achilengedwe. Koma kuchepetsa iwo ndi kuchita ntchito mayunitsi otetezedwa momwe zotheka Zimatheka komanso zofunikira. Kuti tichite zimenezi, yokonza zonse ndi ntchito makhazikitsidwe magetsi ndi malamulo mu gulu limodzi la malamulo, "Malamulo pa unsembe Magetsi" (PUE). Chimodzi mwa zofunika lofunika kwambiri la SAE ndi earthing kuteteza makhazikitsidwe magetsi. Ndi lamulo limeneli ndi ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi mwatsatanetsatane.

dziko zoteteza lakonzedwa kuteteza ogwira ntchito ndi kuthandiza makhazikitsidwe awa ndi kulumikiza, komanso magetsi ogula ntchito mu zipangizo kunyumba ndi zipangizo. Kupereka pansi choteteza? chitetezo anthu mu nkhani zokhudzana mwangozi ndi mbali zitsulo za magetsi sanali conductive, koma kukhala moyo chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwa kutchinjiriza pansi mantha ndi.

Chimene chinakhazikika mu magetsi?

Zofunikira ndi malangizo ntchito dziko lapansi oteteza anagwirizana mu chikalata chilangizo limodzi ndi kumasulira standardization la ndondomeko lonse - GOST. Grounding amateteza anthu ogwira ntchito ndipo ogula la mantha magetsi, anachita mosamalitsa mogwirizana ndi zofunikira za EMP ndi zogwirizana boma muyezo. Zoteteza lapansi Magetsi amapereka kugwirizana magetsi a mbali zitsulo a makhazikitsidwe magetsi pansi, koma wopanda - ndi kalozera, m'malo pansi. Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti anthu m'madera a kachitidwe, ochirimika kuti alibenso chitetezo ina.

Choncho, chinakhazikika zitsulo housings zida zamagetsi, magalimoto, makina, mabokosi chingwe, mindandanda yamasewera kuunikira, masiwichi ndi zitsulo, komanso zida za chingwe ndi mawaya.

kachitidwe analipo a grounding magetsi

Magetsi zoteteza dongosolo earthing atsimikiziridwa potengera makhalidwe a mphamvu zoyendetsera monga earthed ndale kutali ndale. Pali kachitidwe zitatu anayamba ndi Electrotechnical Commission International (IEC): TN, IT ndi TT. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

dongosolo TN ndi subsystems ake

Systems ndi earthed ndale, mu mbali zitsulo unsembe olumikiza ziro ndale kudzera ochititsa grounding ndi TN gulu. Zikatero, gulu lino ali subgroup kupanga njira ntchito ziro kusamutsidwa ndi kutetezedwa akuwauza. Choncho, ngati akuwauza izi amaphatikizidwa mu wochititsa limodzi lonse kutalika kwa subsystem maukonde ndiwo amaimira TN-C. Izi ndi Soviet dongosolo lakale. Ngati kumatenda ndi ntchito ndale limagwirizana yekha pa gawo dera imene imayamba ku mphamvu gwero (siteshoni thiransifoma), ndiye ndi subsystem TN-CS. Chabwino, ngati pamene ndale zoteteza wochititsa anasiyanitsidwa ndi mawaya osiyana onse pa intaneti, subsystem izi amaimira TN-S. Amaona bwino chifukwa chitetezo chokwanira cha unsembe.

kachitidwe IT ndi TT

dongosolo A imene ndale earthing kwina kapena aumbike mwa grounding resonant, amaimira Monga. Mu dongosolo amenewa ndi otsendereka zitsulo mbali ya ochititsa magetsi munthu, chikugwirizana ndi zipangizo grounding.

Dongosolo ndi earthed ndale, mmene mbali zitsulo zipangizo zamagetsi ndi otsendereka ntchito, unconnected m'njira iliyonse ndi mphamvu zoyendetsera ndale mfundo, amaimira TT ndi ntchito yokhayo yotumikira maofesi yam'manja. Nthawi zina, m'njira imeneyi amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo yotsalira panopa.

Earthing

Malinga ndi SAE kuteteza anthu ku voltages oopsa ntchito grounding dera wokwera ndi electrically kulumikiza mbali ya mbewu, anapanga zakuthupi conductive ndi insulated ochokera m'madera moyo padziko lapansi. Nawonso lapansi elekitirodi unapangidwa wochititsa zitsulo ndi zabwino madutsidwe magetsi ndi lalikulu kulankhulana ndi nthaka. Onse pamodzi - ndi earthing mawaya electrically kulumikiza ndi mbali magetsi ndi kukhala chipangizo grounding.

Malinga mtundu wa panopa kuti ntchito makhazikitsidwe magetsi mpaka 1000 V chagwiritsidwa grounding chiwembu ndi earthed ndale kapena olekanitsidwa (alternating panopa) kapena lotsekedwa earthed mfundo pakati (DC). Ndale mphamvu zoyendetsera (jenereta kapena thiransifoma) ndi earthed pamene chikugwirizana mwachindunji mogwirizana nthaka ndi lakutali ndale ndi amene alibe kapena pawiri wa iwo chikugwirizana kudzera chipangizo ndi kukana lalikulu.

Mitundu ya zipangizo grounding

Grounding ogaŵikana mitundu iwiri: yokumba ndi masoka. Yoyambirira zomangamanga pansi zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana zitsulo. Iwo akhoza kukhala ngodya, ndodo ndi machubu ndi kutalika mamita osachepera awiri ndi theka ndi m'manda (transfixed) pansi. Pakati pawo likugwirizana n'kupanga zitsulo kapena zigawo za zitsulo waya - ndodo - awiri lalikulu (osachepera 8-10 mm) ndi kuwotcherera. Grounding ochititsa akhoza kukhala mwina zachitsulo, kapena zitsulo zamkuwa komanso mkuwa waya mitolo ndi mbali mating kapena kuwotcherera magetsi, kapena bolting.

Mtundu chachiwiri ntchito nyumba pansi monga grounding wa nyumba ya zitsulo ndipo adzatsekeredwa olumikizidwa kwa pansi. nyumba zonse konkire ayenera zitsulo ophatikizidwa kwa zophatikiza ndi grounding akuwauza. Mu nkhani iyi, grounding ochititsa ali osiyana akuwauza kuti ntchito lapansi elekitirodi yokumba.

view wina chipangizo grounding zikutha. Mtundu wa kugwirizana zoteteza lapansi olekanitsidwa mbali amagetsi a ndale panopa padziko lapansi kudzera wochititsa ndale. The zikutha lili vuto yatsoka pa dera lililonse gawo kwa chipangizo, ndi chimathandiza zosavuta kumatula choyambitsa zodzitetezera.

Zimafunika zipangizo grounding

zipangizo zonse ntchito grounding ayenera kutsatira wokhazikitsidwa boma nyumba malangizo ndi zizindikiro mfundo. ntchito yawo - kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha anthu, chitetezo cha makhazikitsidwe magetsi ndi modes wa ntchito.

Palibe adzakhala kugwirizana mndandanda wa magawo angapo magetsi earthing ochititsa - mbali ayenera kukumana chimodzi chokha grounding chingwe ndi m'mimba mwake osati ang'onoang'ono mtanda gawo kuposa anati pa RB. Grounding ochititsa anaika poyera kutetezedwa dzimbiri pozikongoletsa ndi chekeni zakuda.

Luso boma la grounding zipangizo ndi grounding yachinsinsi anachita ndi kuyendera ndi apoyera mbali yapadziko lapansi ya chipangizo ndi tsankho anayendera kutsegula ndi kuyeza magawo nthaka grounding chipangizo. Mbali yapadziko lapansi ya chipangizo ndi anayendera kamodzi pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.

Zimafunika mankhwala oteteza ndi grounding ochititsa

Zonse mankhwala earthing ndi grounding ochititsa akutsatiridwa ndi kuwotcherera. Corps makina magetsi ndi zida, waukulu pansi kukhudzana pa dera la grounding, ndi kuthandiza mkulu-voteji mizere ogwirizana ndi grounding wochititsa bawuti. Grounding ochititsa anapangidwa mipiringidzo zitsulo kapena mkuwa komanso zingwe mkuwa. Komanso, monga grounding wochititsa angagwiritsidwe ntchito nthaka chingwe. Chifukwa chaichi ntchito monga Shackleton ndi umodzi pakati mkuwa zingwe, chigawo mtanda wa amene amalola otsika-kukana kugwirizana.

Fundo muyeso wa zipangizo grounding

Kuonetsetsa kugwilizana wa kukana watsopano wa grounding ya malamulo okhudza mankhwala, miyezo anajambulitsa kukana alipo. vuto la kudziwa zimenezi ndi kudziwa kukana grounding dongosolo kwa kudutsa therethrough malo apano - otchedwa kufalitsa panopa.

Miyezo anapangidwa malinga ndi chofunika mfundo chitetezo: kupewa lokhala ndi gawo dera ndi ntchito zida munthu woteteza, kuphatikizapo magolovesi zokutira zitsulo ndi nsapato, komanso chida kudzipatula.

Zida ndi zipangizo zomwe muyeso wa dziko kukaniza

Chida chachikulu, chimene chinamupangitsa kuyeza kukana kufalikira mafunde ndi mita IC-10 grounding. chipangizo ichi ukugwira ntchito kuyeza ranges asanu, amene anafotokoza ntchito ambiri. Osiyanasiyana osachepera ndi kulimbikira kwa 0.01 kuti 9,99 ohm, namtsata ranges 0.1-99.9 Ohm, 1-999 ohm 0,01-9,99 chikomokere. Kulimbikira pazipita anatsimikiza ndi chipangizo, ndi mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera milliohms 1 999. Mothandizana ndi chipangizo ntchito miyezo akumidzi maelekitirodi panopa ndi voteji.

Tikumbukenso kuti chingwe dera pansi kupita pansi malamulo okhwima - kugwirizana ochititsa chipangizo, makamaka maelekitirodi panopa ndi kuthekera, ndiye kuti chipangizo ndi wotsiriza - pansi elekitirodi.

Njira poyeserapo

Kulimbikira mtengo wa chafalikiradi panopa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana grounding zimasiyanasiyana ndi kumatengera zifukwa zambiri monga mtundu wa kachitidwe magetsi, nthaka pa unsembe malo unsembe, ndipo ankagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa chipangizo chotero.

Ndondomeko muyeso limapangidwa njira ziwiri, amene anasonyeza pa ulamuliro kuti zida alipo NDI-10 pamene kuyeza wa kukana pansi. Ngati kulimbikira kwa chipangizo, anasonyeza pasipoti ake kuposa 5 ohms, atatu waya dera ntchito. Ngati mtengo ndi zosakwana mtengo uwu - zinayi waya dera ntchito.