Neoclassicism mu zomangamanga: nyumba zotchuka ndi okonza mapulani

Kubwereranso kuzipangizo zakale zamakono zachitika mobwerezabwereza. Momwemonso zokongola ndi zogwirizana zinali nyumba, zojambulajambula, zojambulajambula za nthawi yamakono. Kutalika kwanthawi yaitali m'mbiri ya luso kumatchedwa neoclassicism kwa chitsitsimutso cha mabwinja akale a kukongola ndi kusinthika kwawo pansi pa chikoka cha masiku ano. Neoclassicism mu zomangidwe zinakwaniritsidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana m'mayiko osiyanasiyana a ku Ulaya. Chidwi chapadera pakutanthauzira mfundo zachikhalidwe chinasonyezedwa ndi akhristu okonza zachi Russia.

Zizindikiro za kalembedwe

Ntchito yake yaikulu neoclassicism m'mapangidwe adawona kubwerera ku chiyambi cha chikhalidwe cha ku Ulaya. Chiyambi cha zofukula zakale za ku Greece ndi Italy m'zaka za zana la XVII chinapangitsa chidwi kwambiri ndi okonza mapulani ku mfundo za anthu akale akale. Izi zinapangitsa kuti ayambe kupanga kalembedwe kake yotchedwa classicism, yomwe imayamba ndikuyamba kusintha mu neoclassicism. Mbali yake yaikulu ndi kuphatikiza miyambo yosasinthika ndi chikondi. Zisanayambe, miyendo iwiriyi imakondana, komabe, amapeza zambiri zomwe zimagwirizana.

Nyumba zosakhala zachikale zimakhala zowala, zokongola komanso zoongoka poyerekeza ndi zowerengeka. Komanso, zizindikiro za neoclassicism ndizopadera ku mwambo wa chiwerengero, chikhumbo cha chikumbumtima, ngakhale kumalo. Akatswiri osungira zinthu amangolemba zinthu zakale zokha, komanso amayesetsa kupanga zolemba zatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, Aigupto kapena Etruscan. Chizoloŵezi chimadziwika ndi kuletsa komanso mwamphamvu. Nyumba zodabwitsa, zinyumba zokhala ndi zinthu zachi Greek - ndiko kusiyana kwa nyumba mu chikhalidwe cha neoclassical.

Periodization ya neoclassicism mu zomangamanga

Mawu akuti "neoclassicism" mu zomangamanga ali ndi kusiyana kwake. Choyamba, izi zimachokera ku njira ya ku Ulaya ndi Russia kugawa nthawi yake. Ku Ulaya, ndizozoloŵera kusiyanitsa classicism (zaka za m'ma 1700) ndi neoclassicism (theka lachiwiri la XVIII, kalembedwe ka Louis 16 - gawo lachitatu la XIX). Mudziko lathu zinthu ziri zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ku Russia ndi ku Germany nthawi ino imangowerengedwa mwachidule. Ndipo zatsopano zamakono zimatanthawuza kumangidwe kwa kumapeto kwa XIX - zaka za m'ma XX. Ku Russia, kumene neoclassicism inakhala yofunika kwambiri ndi yopindulitsa, ndizozoloŵera kusunga nthawi zake zitatu.

Yoyamba, malire a zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi zoyambirira ndi zoyambirira, inayamba ngati kuyankha ku zovuta za masiku ano. Mwachindunji, iye anali wosiyana ndi art yokongoletsa kwambiri yatsopano. Panthawi ino, malangizo amayamba retrospectivism, yomwe imafuna kutsitsimutsa chiwerengero ndi chikhalidwe. Nthawi yachiwiri ndi zaka za m'ma 1930 za m'ma 1900. Amatchedwanso Stalin's Empire mu Russia . Anagwirizanitsa zinthu za Baroque, Classicism, Art Nouveau ndi zigawo za sukulu za zomangamanga. Zaka zapakati pa makumi asanu mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu Zomwe zimakhala zofanana ndi zomangamanga ku America, kumene mitundu yosavuta komanso yowoneka bwino yapeza mawonekedwe awo atsopanowo.

Neoclassicism m'makonzedwe apadziko lonse

Classicism inali ndondomeko yowoneka bwino. Iye analandira mitundu yonse ya luso. Kupititsa patsogolo kwake kunayambitsa kuonekera kwa neoclassicism, yomwe sinali yotengera zotsanzira zitsanzo zamakedzana, koma posinkhasinkha. Zojambulazo zinapanganso zida zakale, kuphatikizapo ndi zowonjezera zamakono ndi zina zapindula. Mfundozi zinayikidwa m'zaka za zana la XVII ndi Andrea Palladio, yemwe adamanga nyumba zambiri ku Vicenza. Nyumba izi zakhala chitsanzo cha mibadwo yamtsogolo ya okonza mapulani. Anadzutsa chidwi ndi njira za akatswiri akale komanso sanakhaleko kwa zaka mazana angapo.

Nyumba yoyamba yomwe ili ndi "neoclassicism" yomwe ili ndi mitundu yozungulira, mizere ya zipilala, madenga okhala ndi madenga ndi makona ozungulira omwe anapezeka ku France. Pambuyo pake, chikhalidwecho chimatengedwa ndi akatswiri ochokera m'mayiko ena a ku Ulaya. Ndipo pang'onopang'ono iye "amakoka" ku America. Neoclassicism siyiyi kalembedwe nkomwe. Mmalo mwake, ndi njira yeniyeni ya kukula kwa lingaliro la omanga nyumba akale. Kusamalira mwakhama miyambo yokhazikitsidwa ndi kumangidwe kwa nyumba zamakono chifukwa cha ziganizo zatsopano ndi zokongoletsa ndizozikhalidwe za neoclassicists.

Neoclassicism ku France

Chinthu choyamba cha zomangamanga cha Neoclassicism chinapangidwa ndi Claude Ledo, yemwe anayambitsa ntchito yake ngakhale asanakhalepo French Revolution. Ntchito zake zamchere ku Arc-e-Senan, nyumba zamakono pakhomo la Paris, masewera ku Besançon zinatsitsimutsa miyambo yachigiriki ndipo inakhazikitsa maziko a nyengo yabwino kwambiri ya neoclassicism mu zomangamanga zachi French. Wolemekezeka wotchuka wa kalembedwe ndi Jacques Ange Gabriel. Pakatikati mwa zaka makumi asanu ndi zisanu za m'ma 1800, adakhazikitsa nyumba yaikulu ya Sukulu ya Military ku Champ de Mars, yotchuka kwambiri yotchedwa Opera Garnier, Small Trianon ku Versailles, polojekiti ya Concorde Square ku Paris. Ntchito yake inadzakhala otsogolera pa nthawi ya neoclassicism ku France.

Pambuyo pace, akatswiri ambiri a luso la zomangamanga anayamba kumanga kalembedwe kameneka. Uyu ndi Nicolas de Mezier, yemwe adalenga msika wa tirigu, Jacques-Denis Antoine ndi timbewu take tambirimbiri m'mphepete mwa Seine, Charles de Vaiy ndi malo otchuka odeon. Neoclassicism ndi zokongoletsera za Paris mpaka pano. Nyumba zomangidwa bwino, domes, zigawo zitatu zam'mbali ndi zipilala lero zinadzitukumula.

Neoclassicism ku UK

M'zaka za m'ma 1860, neoclassicism m'makonzedwe anapangidwa kalembedwe yoyenera kwambiri ku England. Oyambitsa ake anali awiri okonza mapulani: Robert Adam ndi William Chambers. Iwo, mosiyana ndi anzake a ku France, amanga nyumba zambiri. Adam anapita ku Italy, komwe anakondana ndi nyumba zakale ndi nyumba za A. Palladio.

Chingelezi cha neoclassicism chinasiyanasiyana ndi chi French mwaulemerero komanso momasuka. Pano, chidwi chachikulu chinaperekedwa kwa anthu ozungulira, otchuka kwambiri omwe ali okongola a nyumba ya Zion ndi Etruscan motifs. Otsatira miyambo ya British neoclassicism ndi John Soon ndi George Dance. Amapitirizabe luso lawo la "Adam". Kumanga kwa Bank of England ndi ndende ku Newgate kunali zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za zokongola za Chingelezi za neoclassics.

Kufalikira kwa neoclassicism ku Ulaya

Odziwika bwino a neoclassicism anali ku Ulaya konse. Choncho, ku Germany, zolengedwa zabwino kwambiri mumayendedwe amenewa zimapangidwa ndi Carl Friedrich Schinkel. Zolengedwa zolimba ndi zowonongeka zimakhala nthawi yapadera mu neoclassicism. Nyumba zake za Old Museum ndi alonda atsopano ku Berlin ndi njira zowonongeka za njira zamakono komanso mapulani.

Ku Italy, neoclassic yafikira kwambiri. A. Palladio ndi nyumba zake zapamwamba ku Venice ndi Vicenza, Giuseppe Piermarini ndi masewera ake a La Scala ndi mapulaneti a zomangamanga. Pambuyo pake, Marcello Piacentini adatha kutanthauzira cholowa chochuluka cha zomangamanga zakale ndi chikhalidwe cha Palladian mu gawo loyamba la zaka za zana la 20 mwa njira yake yomwe. Iye adalenga malo apadera a yunivesite ku Rome ndi Victoria Square ku Brescia.

Russian neoclassicism: mbali zazikulu

Udindo wapadera unayesedwa ndi kalembedwe ka neoclassicism mu zomangamanga zachi Russia. Gawo loyamba linalumikizana ndi kuthana ndi mavuto a zamakono, kubwerera ku magwero akale, kufufuza kwa kuphweka. Ivan Fomin, Vladimir Shchuko, Ivan Zholtovsky akuphunzira zapamwamba, zagolide. Iwo amafufuza zamakono za zomangamanga za Italy ndi France, kuzindikira zomwe zimapezeka m'nyumba zawo. Gawo lachiwiri la neoclassicism limapanga ntchito yolenga nyumba zazikulu zomwe zimalemekeza mphamvu ya Stalin. Chikumbutso ndi kukula kwa nyumbazi zimadabwitanso anthu.

Anthu okongola a Russia

Zomangamanga za ku Russia zingakondwere ndi gulu lonse la ambuye omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kalembedwe ka neoclassicism. Ivan Fomin akuonedwa kuti ndiye woyambitsa. Anakhala zaka zambiri pophunzira mfundo zachikhalidwe za chi Russia. Ali ndi zolemba zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chikhalidwe cha neoclassical ndi nyumba zabwino kwambiri monga nyumba ya Polovtsev ku St. Petersburg, Polytechnic Institute ku Ivanovo, nyumba ya Moscow City Council ku Moscow. Pakati pa akatswiri okonza malingaliro omwe amavomereza mfundo zotsatila za neoclassics, pali A. Zakharov, F. Lidval, S. Serafimov, A. Belogrud ndi ena ambiri. Akatswiri a zomangamanga a ku Moscow ndi St. Petersburg sanangokhala odzikuza a mitu yonse ikuluikulu ya ku Russia, komanso ankalankhula kuti adziwe mizinda ina ya m'dzikoli.

Neoclassicism mofanana ndi Moscow

Mkulu wa dziko la Russia lero angadzitamandire kuti ndi yokongola kwambiri yopangidwa ndi neoclassicism. Nthawi zonsezi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri m'misewu. Akatswiri a zomangamanga ku Moscow amatha kukongoletsa kwambiri mzinda wawo wokondedwa. Zina mwa nyumba zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi nyumba ya Race Society ndi "The House with the Towers" ku Smolenskaya Square ndi I. Zholtovsky, nyumba ya Mindov Architect N. Lazarev, yomwe inalembedwa ku Moscow Art Theater F. Shekhtel, yomangidwa ndi State Savings Bank I. Ivanov-Shits. Nthawi ya Stalin ya neoclassicism imadziwika kwa nzika iliyonse ya ku Russia. Amenewa ndiwo malo okongola otchuka a L. Rudnev, D. Chechulin, A. Mordvinov ndi ena amisiri.

Neoclassicism ku St. Petersburg

Nyumba yotchuka yotchedwa "House ndi Towers" ya K. Rosenstein inakhala kutanthauzira kwapadera kwa neoclassics ku St. Petersburg. Mmenemo, miyambo yamasiku apakati imayendetsedwa ndi zinthu zamakono ndi zamakono. Mkulu wa kumpoto akhoza kudzitamandira ndi nyumba zina zambiri mumayendedwe awa. Nyumba zotchuka kwambiri ndizo nyumbazi: nyumba ya Abamelek-Lazarev, katswiri wa zomangamanga I. Fomin, Tom-de-Thomon Exchange, woyimirira ku neoclassicism oyambirira, nyumba ya Betling ndi A.Grubė, nyumba ya nyumba ya Timofeev yokonzedwa ndi Y. Kovarsky ndi ntchito zina zamaluso.