Pottery. Amisiri a zoumba. Makhalidwe apamwamba a mbiya

Chophika chinayamba kupangidwa ngati chishango chomwe chinkapangidwira kupanga zakudya zodyera kapena zotengera zomwe zasungidwa ndi zipangizo zamadzi. Mpaka pano, ndikumangirira pa gudumu lopangidwira lopangidwa ndi mphika, kenako chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsamba zouma, kenaka ndikumenyedwa ndi dothi. Choncho, zinthu zimapangidwira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'munda uliwonse: ntchito zapakhomo, zomangamanga, zokongoletsera, zokongoletsera, zokometsera. Zoterezi zimatchedwa poteramic pottery, iwo amapezeka kulikonse padziko lapansi.

Pali magulu atatu akuluakulu opangira zipangizo zamakono:

• Kupanga nyumba zomanga;
• Kupanga mbale zadongo kapena miyala;
• Kupanga dothi loyeretsedwa kwambiri kapena zinthu zamkati.

Malingana ndi luso la zopangidwe, magulu onse a mbiya ali ofanana, koma pali ziwerengero zingapo zomwe zimakhudza zotsatira zomaliza. Kusiyana kwakukulu ndi mitundu ya dongo yomwe imayambitsa mankhwala.

Mbiri

Monga tanenera kale, mchere unachokera ku luso lomwe linangokhalapo kupanga zombo zosungiramo zipangizo ndi chakudya. Patapita nthawi, inayamba, inapindulitsa, ndipo inkawonekera lero pamaso pathu panonso osati mu mawonekedwe a makolo athu akutali. Chifukwa cha zowonjezera zamakono, zinthu zatsopano zopangidwa zinayamba kuoneka, zinayambitsa maonekedwe monga njerwa, zida zamwala, matayala, matayala, mapaipi, zomangamanga, zokongoletsera zomangamanga ndi zinthu zina zambiri.

Chifukwa chakuti anthu adayamba kukongoletsa ndi kukongoletsa zinthu zamakono zomwe zidutswa zadothi, potengera kuchokera ku gulu la zojambulajambula zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuumba miphika ya dongo kunali kotchuka kuyambira kale kuyambira pamene anthu adziwa zinthu zomwe zafala padziko lapansi - dongo ndi katundu wake.

Chipangano Chakale chiri ndi maumboni angapo okhudza ntchito ya woumba ndi zogulitsa zake. Zida zakale kwambiri zadongo, ngakhale nthawi zakale, zinakonzedwa ndi dzanja la munthu ndipo, motero, zinali zosaoneka bwino. Patangopita nthawi pang'ono, pali zinthu zozungulira ndi zozungulira, zomwe zikuwoneka mothandizidwa ndi gudumu la woumba. Mbiri siinateteze tsatanetsatane wa mawonekedwe enieni a bwalo ili, koma latchulidwa kuyambira kale.

Zikudziwika kuti ku Asia zinthu zoyamba zapanyumba zinkaoneka zaka zikwi ziwiri zapitazo. Izi zikusonyeza kuti zipangizo zamakono ku China zakula mofulumira kuposa dziko lonse lapansi.

Anthu onse anali ndi miyambo yawo yokha yogwirizana ndi luso limeneli, lomwe linasanduka luso. Choncho m'mayiko a ku Africa kumayambiriro kwa miphika ya zaka makumi awiri mphambu makumi asanu ndi awiri anapangidwa ndi dzanja, kuyanika dothi kunachitika dzuwa, ndipo kuyaka kwa chipangizocho kunapangidwa ndi mtolo wa udzu ndi moto.

Ponena za Ulaya, pano zisanafike zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu chiwiyacho chinali chakuwonongeka kwambiri. Anthu a ku Spain okha ndi omwe ankamupangitsa kuti asamuke, panthawi yomweyi panali zinthu zomwe zinkagwedeza.

Chombocho chinapangitsa kuti zikule bwino m'zaka za m'ma 1800. Kuphulika kwakukulu kunachitika ku Italy, kunapangidwa majolica - mtundu wa zitsulo, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi dothi lophika. Florence anabweretsa dziko lapansi ndi mbuye woumba, monga Luka Robbia, ziboliboli zake ndi ntchito zina zimaonedwa ngati kunyada kwa fuko lino.

Pogwiritsira ntchito matekinoloje a ojambula Robbia, mafakitale a Tuscan apanga chinthu china chopita patsogolo - mankhwala kuchokera ku mantha. Iwo anayamba kuwotchedwa ndi moto, ndiye anali odzaza ndi kuthirira koyera, omwe ankajambula zithunzizo, pambuyo pake mankhwalawa anawonekera ku kuphika kachiwiri, kolimba kuposa woyamba. Majolica anayamba kupanga osati zokongoletsera zokha, komanso zipangizo zapakhomo, mabala a maluwa, statuettes.

Pambuyo pa kuwonongeka kwa mbiya ku Italy, chombocho chinagonjetsa France. Icho chinali pano chomwe chinyama chadothi chinapangidwa .

M'zaka zamkati zapitazi, mchere unalengedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi osauka okha, apamwamba amapanga tini, siliva, golidi. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa mbiya kunalandiridwanso mukongoletsedwe wa tchalitchi. Pano izo zinagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga jugs. Zomwezo zimakongoletsera mipingo ya Novgorod, komanso ma kachisi a nthawi ya Romanovs.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu, mafakitale onse adayamba kuonekera padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zotengera.

Zamakina zamakina

Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya keramiki ndiko kuwerengeka kwa misa, komanso mtundu wa glaze kumene amapangidwa. Chophika chingakhale cha mitundu iwiri: wandiweyani komanso wochuluka.

Zowola - izi ndizo mankhwala omwe, atathamangitsidwa, chifukwa cha kutentha kwapamwamba, amagwirizanitsa kuti akhale olimba mofanana. Chogulitsidwa ichi chikufanana ndi galasi. Ndizosaoneka bwino ndipo sizimamwa madzi, koma kumenyana ndi zitsulo kumapereka mphukira. Chitsanzo cha mchere wandiweyani ndi kansalu.

Zowawa, mosiyana ndizo, zimasweka mosavuta, pitirizani madzi. Zina mwa zinthu zoterezi ndizochita mantha.

Pakhoza kukhala zinthu zomwe siziri za mtundu uliwonse, koma ndi zosinthika pakati pa mitundu iwiriyi.

Wokwanira

Momwemonso ndi potengera izi:

• Khola lolimba. Unyinji umaphatikizidwa, wosasunthika, wabwino-grained, zotanuka, wosasunthika, wolimba, sungalole kuchitidwa kwa mpeni. Kapepala kamene kali ndi kaolin, choko, quartz ndi feldspar. Zimapangidwa ndi kuwombera konse: choyamba chofooka chifukwa chophimba glasi, ndiye cholimba pambuyo pa kuvala.
• Dothi lofewa. Amatchedwanso French. Zomwe zili zowonjezera zimakhala zosavuta kutsogolera glaze. Ikufunikiranso kuwombera kaŵirikaŵiri, poyamba kolimba kwambiri, ndipo pamapeto pake pamalephera.
• Chiphalala chosakanizidwa, kapena biscuit. Ali ndi masentimita ambirimbiri a porcelain.
• Pariyan. Poyandikana ndi pafupi ndi zofewa zamkati, ali ndi chikasu chachikasu, ndi kovuta kusungunuka.
• Carrara. Yoyera, yotuluka. Misa yake ndi mtanda pakati pa miyala ndi mantha.
• Miyala ya miyala. Iwo ali ndi nthano yowuma, bwino kwambiri. Pali mankhwala wamba komanso odalirika, makamaka oyera.

Osauka

Chigawo ichi chili ndi:

• Kuchita chidwi kovuta. Ndi chisakanizo cha refractory dongo ndi silica. Ikuphimbidwa ndi mdima wonyezimira. Misawu ndi opaque, yolira.
• Chizoloŵezi chachizolowezi, kapena majolica. Uwu ndiwo mtundu wofiira-wachikasu, womwe pambuyo poti kuwombera uli ndi opaque tani glaze.
• Zida zopangidwa kuchokera ku dothi wamba ndi losazimitsa moto. Izi zikuphatikizapo njerwa, matalala, mapaipi a ngalande, ndi zina zotero.
• Mwala wonyezimira, kapena, monga umatchedwanso, terracotta. Izo zikupanga - kuyeretsedwa dongo ndi shredded zidutswa za anamaliza mankhwala. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomaliza zitsamba ndi zina.
• Madzi wamba. Unyinji umapangidwa kuchokera ku dongo, dongo, komanso kuchokera ku dothi lopangira.

Zida zamatabwa

Pofuna kupanga njerwa, phala, phokoso, nkofunika kuchita ntchito yotsatira: kupanga dongo, kulimba, kulima ilo, kuwotcha ndi kuliphimba ndi glaze. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zopangira zinthu ndi dongo. Alangizi a mbiya amagwiritsa ntchito dothi, lomwe lili ndi maonekedwe ofunikira, ndipo kutentha kwake kumakhala koyenera kupanga zinthu. Ngakhale kuti dothi palokha liri ndi mapamwamba a pulasitiki, ndilololedwa kuwonjezera zipangizo zothandizira chifukwa chakuti panthawi yomwe ikuwombera, kupweteka kwake kosafulumira ndi kosalinganika kumachitika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chinthucho chisakhale chinthu chosazindikira. Kuti mupange mankhwala ophweka, mumasowa mchenga, phulusa, utuchi, kuti mupange khalidwe labwino lomwe mumayenera kulipitsa - phulusa, lomwe limapezeka kuchokera ku zinthu zosweka.

Pogwiritsa ntchito mbiya zamakono, dothi lopangidwa ndi dongo liyenera kuchoka kwa zaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri muzomwe zimachitika m'mlengalenga kapena m'madzi. Pambuyo pake, amasunthidwa mabokosi a matabwa, mafakitale ndi mafakitale makina apadera amachita izo. Izi ndizofunikira poyeretsa dothi kuchokera ku miyala kapena zinyalala. Dongo likachotsedwa m'mabokosi, limasanduka milu, yomwe imadulidwa ndi mpeni kukhala mbale zoonda. Iwo amaikidwa kachiwiri mu mabokosi ndi kusindikizidwanso kachiwiri, kuyeretsa kwa zonyansa zomwe zingakhoze kukhalabe pa izo. Maphunziro apamwamba a zinthu, makamaka zopanda mtundu, amafunikira ziwalo zomwe ziyenera kutsukidwa mwangwiro. Waukulu ulamuliro wa benign dongo misa ndi homogeneity. Cholinga cha kuyeretsa kwapamwamba, dothi lagawanika kukhala zidutswa zing'onozing'ono, zomwe zimamwe madzi komanso pambuyo "tsiku lokha" zimaponyedwa mu makina oponyera. Mankhwala a makinawa othamanga mofulumira akudula dothi, ndipo madzi akudutsa m'chipinda chino, amanyamula zidutswa zing'onozing'ono padziwe lapadera, lalikulu zimakhala pansi. Dziweli lakonzedwa kuti likhale loyeretsa, pomwe pano pali nthumwi zowonongeka, kenako jet ina imapita nayo ku bwalo lachiwiri. Mmenemo, dothi limachotsedweratu. Mu teknolojia iyi, madzi ofunda okha amagwiritsidwa ntchito, chifukwa amalekanitsa zidutswa zadothi bwino, ndipo kuyeretsa kumawonekera mwamsanga chifukwa cha kutentha kwake.

Kuŵerengera kwa mbali zonsezi kumatsimikiziridwa pa mtundu uliwonse wa mankhwala padera. Kusakaniza ndalama kumachitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana: pa youma, mipeni kapena jets madzi. Pogwiritsa ntchito misalayiyi, palinso nthiti zambiri zosafunika. Vutoli likuchotsedwa ndi zipangizo zapadera, kapena ndi chithandizo cha mapazi, zomwe dongo limangoponderezedwa pansi pa chofunikira chokhazikika.

Kukuwotcha

Muzitsulo zochepa, miyala ya ceramics ndi dongo lomwelo, koma likuthawa. Choncho, akamati "zowonjezera" amatanthawuza zopangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zosaoneka bwino (nthawi zambiri clays), kuphatikizapo zosakaniza ndi zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapangidwa chifukwa cha kutentha komanso kutentha.

Kuwombera kumayambitsa kusintha kosasinthika, kenaka nkhaniyo imakhala ngati ceramic. Pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwapamwamba, kusungunuka kwazing'ono za particles kumapezeka kumalo kumene akukambirana.

Teknolojiyi imasintha kwambiri pakupanga mapaipi. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa zipangizo, kutentha kofunikira komanso zosiyana siyana za zigawozo. Magazini iliyonse imakhala yofanana, komanso maulamuliro ena:

• Zapangidwe zopangidwa ndi dongo - 1000-1200 madigiri Celsius ;
• Zogulitsa zitsulo - 1100-1300;
• Zapangidwe zopangidwa ndi mapuloteni - 1200-1400.

Njira yamakono yopangira zokolola imapangidwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, kukotcha mu uvuni ndi zaka mazana ambiri, miyambo yosasintha. Malingana ndi kutentha ndi nthawi ya ndondomekoyi, zimagulitsidwa ndi zinthu zosiyana. Choncho, kutentha kwakukulu mu zitsulo zopangidwa sizimasintha, mpaka kupanga mankhwala onsewo kutsirizidwa.

Komanso, mawonekedwe a mankhwala omwe anamalizidwa amadalira mlengalenga mu uvuni wakuwotchera. Mukhoza kuyambitsa izi kapena mpweya wakuda. Mothandizidwa ndi magawo omwe amatha kufotokozera, n'zotheka kukwaniritsa ngakhale kuti dothi ladothi limasintha mtundu wake kuchokera ku bulauni mpaka wobiriwira.

Ntchito ya glaze

Ntchito zina zamabotolo sizikuphimbidwa ndi glaze. Izi zikuphatikizapo njerwa, matayala, terracotta, miphika. Chomwe chimatchedwa glazing chimachitika pofuna kuteteza zinthu zadongo kuchokera ku chinyezi chowonjezera. Chotsatira chomwecho chinapindulidwa nthawi zakale ndi mkaka akuwotcha - njira yopereka mankhwala kuyang'ana kokongola ndi kukana madzi.

Osati dothi lamtengo wapatali kwambiri lopangidwa ndi dothi lopangidwa ndi mawonekedwe opangira panthawi imodzimodzimodzi ndi kukotcha. Izi zimatchedwa kulira. Chofunika kwambiri cha izi ndikuti nthawi yophika mu ng'anjo yamoto imatayidwa, yomwe imakhala mpweya ndipo imathera pamtengowo. Kumalo kumene imadutsa, makina otsika kwambiri amawunikira, otchedwa nyerere.

Njira ina yophimba ndi kuti glaze imatsanulira mu ufa wabwino ndi mankhwala owaza. Kawirikawiri izi ndizopanga zopangidwa movutikira: miphika, mapaipi osagwedezeka ndi zina zotero. Musanayambe kuvala chovalacho, mankhwalawa amaikidwa ndi ufa wophika ndipo amawotcha.

Chofunika cha njira yachitatu ndikuti mankhwalawa amathiridwa ndi glaze, omwe amakhala ndi kirimu. Njira yofananamo imagwira ntchito zowonjezera zomwe sizikudya madzi. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu ina ya porcelain ndi mantha.

Ndipo njira yotsiriza ndikuti maphala ndi dothi aikidwa mu chidebe ndi glaze. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinthu zomwe zimakhala zofooka ndipo poyamba zimamwa madzi. Mazirawa amatha kukhala ufa wabwino, wothira madzi. Mu madziwa, omwe amafanana ndi mkaka mwachizoloŵezi, mankhwalawa amayikidwa omwe amatenga chisakanizo ichi. N'zotheka kupanga zojambula pa glaze.

Chithandizo chamakono

Mu nyimbo yamakono aliyense amapeza njira yake yopumula. Njira imodzi yokongola ndi yachilendo ndiyo kupanga chophimba. Pali njira ziwiri zomwe mungadziyesere nokha. Yoyamba ndi kugula gudumu la woumba ndi zofunikira zofunika kuti uzichite nokha. Nyumba yopangira njuga m'nyumba mwako sikuti imangokhala yokongola komanso yokongola, komanso yosangalatsa kwambiri kwa inu, banja lanu ndi anzanu. Pachifukwa ichi, mukhoza kumverera ngati wojambula, yesani mafomu osiyanasiyana, kudalira pa maphunziro avidiyo.

Njira yachiwiri ndi sukulu ya mbiya. M'kalasi la oyamba kumenewo monga momwe mumadzikondera nokha, mudzakhala ndi mwayi kuyesa ntchito ya wolenga wokongola, wojambula ndi kujambula.

Akatswiri a zamaganizo amanena kuti mbiya ndi njira yabwino yothetsera nkhawa, kukhala wochenjera komanso womvetsera. Njira zamakono, malinga ndi akatswiri, ndi imodzi mwa njira zabwino zothetsera kuvutika maganizo ndi mavuto ena amanjenje. Nthawi yodutsa m'magudumu a woumba imathandiza kukonza malingaliro, kusokoneza ku mavuto ang'onoang'ono a tsiku ndi tsiku ndi kupeza njira yotulukira kumoyo wovuta. "Zotsatira zake zonse sizidzathetse mavuto anu, koma ndithudi zidzakuthandizani kupeza njira zothetsera izo," madokotala akunena mawu amodzi.

Zamagetsi ndi manja awo

M'nyumba iliyonse muli dongo, ceramic kapena zinthu zamakono. M'madera ambiri opangidwa, zimakhala zovuta kudabwa ndi wina ali ndi fakitale kapena fakitale ya maluwa.

Chophika ndi ntchito yosangalatsa komanso yosangalatsa kwa banja lonse. Mukhoza kusangalala, phunzirani bizinesi yatsopano, kukhala ndi luso komanso luso.

Mukayendera kalasi yoyamba yamaphunziro, mumatha kale kupanga poto. Aphunzitsi aluso nthawi zambiri amakhala oleza mtima ndi oyamba, kuwatsogolera ndi kuwathandiza pa chilichonse. Miphika imathandiza kuthana ndi mavuto ochepa, osokoneza zosafunika za tsiku ndi tsiku. Ndipo zinthu zomwe mumadzipanga nokha zidzakhala mwayi wodzitamandira ndikugonjetsa nokha. Kuphatikizanso, mutatha kugwira ntchito kuzungulira bwalo lanu ndikuwonetsa mphika wanu, mudzakhala ndi mwayi wojambula ndi manja anu. Pano mukhoza kusonyeza malingaliro onse. Chinthu choterocho chidzakhala mphatso yabwino kwa wokondedwa.

Popular maphwando, akubadwa ndi zochitika makampani unachitikira zoterozo ntchito yogwiritsa zachilendo. Izi ndi mpata wabwino kulankhula, kudziwana wina ndi mzake kuwona zinthu za anzawo. Komanso, holide imeneyi ndithu amamukumbukira chifukwa wapadera ake, apachiyambi, ndi mankhwala anapanga payekhapayekha gudumu woumba mbiya, adzakhala ndi mphatso yaikulu pokumbukira tsiku lodabwitsa. Ndipo wina kupeza talenti kwambiri ndi iyankha nkhani imeneyi, m'tsogolo, kutsegula owonetsera zakale wake mbiya. Makamaka zimatisangalatsa ana ntchito. Ngati iwo ali bwino sculpting kuchokera ku dothi, ndiye muyenera kuyesa kuwapatsa mbiya sukulu. Izi zidzathandiza maluso injini ya manja, kuthandiza m'njira pa maganizo a mwanayo, ndipo adzatsegula angathe kulenga mwanayo. Chidwi ndi zosangalatsa chizolowezi chichita tcheru, m'maganizo ndi maganizo.

A chizolowezi kapena bizinesi?

Masiku ano a mbiya chotchuka kwambiri. Iwo ali gulu la zinthu zimene amachita kufunika ndi zogwirizana. Aliyense nyumba ali ziwiya khitchini, Miphika, miphika, ziboliboli ndi alendo osiyanasiyana. Kwa zaka zambiri luso ichi, kukulitsa luso ndi, ndi otchuka ndi zikufunika kwambiri. Ndipo chifukwa chilakolako mbiya kunadetsa akufotokozera mu ntchito kwenikweni. mbiya yekha kopindulitsa bizinesi, chifukwa nkhani yaikulu yaiwisi - dongo - kwaulere zinthu zimene kwenikweni lagona monga pansi pa mapazi athu. Wokongola, choyambirira, mankhwala mlengi akhoza kubweretsa ndalama wabwino kwa Mlengi. mbiya mbuye - ndi ntchito moyo. Mungathe kusiyanitsa dziko, kupeza chizolowezi wapadera kuti adzakuweruza phindu, komanso kuwulula zinthu zanu.

Mbiya ndi otchuka pa dziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuti iye ali ndi makumi angapo zaka, iwo otuluka mafashoni.