Kujambula ku Greece Yakale. Mafilimu a Girisi wakale

M'nkhaniyi, ife ndi inu, wokondedwa owerenga, ganizirani masitayilo Greek wakale woumba kupenta. Izi choyamba, zokongola ndi zochititsa chidwi mapangidwe a chikhalidwe wakale. Aliyense amene anaona ndi amphora, lekythos kapena Skiathos, nthawi zonse kusunga kukongola Maka malingaliro.

Kenako, tikambirana nanu za zosiyanasiyana njira ndi masitayilo kupenta, komanso kutchula malo otchuka kwambiri pa chitukuko cha luso limeneli.

Mbiya ya Greece

Zitsanzo chigulu cha Greek woumba kupenta Ancient madyerero maso la alendo ndipo chinthu zofunika mu zopereka luso okonda ambiri. zotengera zokongola kusirira zosiyanasiyana mitu ndi mitundu.

M'nkhani ino ife kuyang'ana pa masitaelo woumba kupenta, kuyambira periodization Agiriki chikhalidwe. Miphika Greek (Ziwerengero adzapatsidwa kenako) apita ku mphika yosavuta, zipolopolo pamtengo kuti mwaluso wakale chojambula red-amphora-nzeru.

Chifukwa kukongola wosiyana ndi finesse, zinthu izi mofulumira anakhala inatha m'madera osiyanasiyana a ku Ulaya ndi Asia. Zikupezeka mu manda Acelt, ndipo m'manda a ku Middle East ndi Africa North.

Chidwi mfundo zotsatirazi. The toyesa oyambirira anapezeka m'manda Etruscan, ndipo palibe munthu amene poyamba zogwirizana ndi Ahelene. Only m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mochedwa, Johann Winkelmann anatsimikizira anachokera chawo. Pambuyo kupezeka akale Greek woumba kupenta anakhala wa nkhani zofunika kwambiri kuphunzira kalekale.

Lero, ndi zotengera silingakhoze kokha kubwezeretsa mitundu yambiri ya moyo wa anthu, koma ndi chiphadzuwa zochitika zosiyanasiyana, komanso kuti adziwane bwino ndi maina a olamulira.

Zambiri za nkhani zotsatirazi, koma imodzi mwa nthawi mu amisiri mphika ngakhale mpikisano. Tikayang'ana zojambulajambula, iwo kuyamikira mzake, chida chawo chinali bwino.

Malo ndi technologists vazopisi

Ndiyamika zokumbidwa pansi lero zakale ambiri m'dziko akhoza kudzitama zitsanzo utoto Miphika la Greece. Pali ziwiya wakale wa pa chilumba cha Kerete ndi Korinto ziwiya zadothi, wakuda ndi wofiira chithunzi amphora, lekythos ndi zina mbale.

Mu kumtunda madera aakulu kupanga anali chapamwamba matauni Athens ndi Korinto. Kuwonjezera pa iwo pali ambuye wa Laconia ndi Boeotia. Ndi mu ndondomeko izi ndi njira zosiyanasiyana anatulukira ziwiya zokongoletsa.

Kenako malo opanga anasamuka kum'mwera kwa Italy. Komanso mu nthawi ranneellinsky anasamukira ku Krete ku Chile. Nawa awiri a mzinda - ndi Sicilian ndi Kumwera Italy centuripe Canosa.

Tiyenera kuganizira pa luso, ndi amene anapanga Miphika Greek. Chiwerengerochi amasonyeza kuti ntchito gudumu woumba mbiya lachiwiri Zakachikwi BC.

Clay anasankhidwa ndi mtundu. M'madera ena anali mumtundu - kuchokera zachikasu zofiirira. Ngati nkhaniyo inali wochuluka kwambiri, kunachititsa moto dongo ndi mchenga. Komanso, dongo makamaka "lakale". ndondomeko zina yaitali makulitsidwe feedstock mu chilengedwe chinyezi pambuyo kusamba. Chifukwa cha ichi, izo zitakhala zotanuka kwambiri ndi ofewa.

chuma ndiye n'kuukanda ndi kuika mapazi awo pa njinga woumba mbiya. Wokonzeka chidebe zouma mu mthunzi wa masiku angapo, pambuyo siginecha panayikidwa. Pokhapokha njira onsewa nkhani yathera kwa mfuti.

Aegean nthawi

Zitsanzo oyambirira fomu iyi luso ndi zipangizo za Minoan, Mycenaean mbiya ndi miniyskoy. Woyamba, makamaka watiitana Kamares woumba kupenta (pansi pa dzina la grotto pa chilumba cha Kerete, kumene zitsanzo anali woyamba anatulukira).

Monga tidanena kale, mbiya izi utoto limapezeka za pakati pa lachitatu Zakachikwi BC. Nthawi yoyamba, womwe ndi ranneelladskoy kapena Aegean lothandiza lagawidwa asayansi angapo subintervals.

Woyamba unakhala m'zaka pafupifupi makumi awiri oyamba BC. Panthawi imeneyi, chogwidwa ndi dongosolo losavuta zojambula pa makoma osakwatiwa-mtundu Mitsempha. Kenako m'malo mwake akubwera Kamares kalembedwe. Iye akuima pakati zoumbaumba ano. Mbali yaikulu ndi mwauzimu woyera ndi zinthu zamaluwa, amene adayikidwa pa matte maziko a chotengeracho.

Mu chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri m'ma BC, chitsanzo khalidwe zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri. Tsopano kukhala wamphamvu panyanja zinthu: nyamayi, nsomba, miyala yamtengo wapatali, Nautilus, anamgumiwa, ndi ena. Kuyambira cha m'ma mu Cretan murals lakhumi anati nthawi ya pansi.

Koma pa Africa izo kusiyana pa nthawi iyi otchedwa "chachikale chinkawavuta woumba kupenta." Mu malo oyamba pano ayenera zimachitika Minyan ware. Iye anali woonda-mipanda, popanda zithunzi. Mtundu wa mbiya wakhalapo kuyambira twente-wachiwiri kwa pakati pa chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi m'ma BC. M'malo ndi mbiya Mycenaean.

m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri BC, kunasintha mu kumtunda Greek ndi pa zilumba za Cyclades lapansi. Panthawi imeneyi chikhalidwe Mycenaean kufalikira kwa zolinga zawo woumba kupenta. Akatswiri muchigawane mu nyengo zinayi, zikubweretsa nyengo ya nkhondo Dorian a dziko (m'zaka khumi BC).

Tikayang'ana chikukoka, kumayambiriro kupenta Mycenaean chogwidwa ndi yosavuta matte kanjedza mdima pa maziko kuwala. Padziko lakhumi m'ma BC, iwo m'malo mwa zomera ndi zamoyo zinyama. Koma mu chakhumi ndi chitatu m'ma BC pali kanjedza anthu ndi zombo. inawo amaganizira ndi Trojan nkhondo, amene anali pafupifupi nthawi imeneyo.

zojambula

Pakati pa akhumi m'ma chabwino luso la Greece wakale ndi ikuchepa, pamodzi ndi onse a chikhalidwe. Patsogolo m'ma chakhumi, amaona za "nthawi ya mdima" mu chitukuko cha dziko lino.

Ngati ife kulankhula za ziwiya zadothi, mu nthawi iyi pali masitaelo atatu a kupenta. Ndi kubwera kwa Dorians kwambiri zomwe chikhalidwe Mycenaean kusiyiratu. Mpaka chapakati pa m'zaka khumi anali nyengo ya "submikenskoy" mwambo, pamene mitundu zimasungika zotengera, koma mbisoweka zojambula pa iwo.

Patapita nthawi protogeometricheskogo chokongoletsera. Makamaka zoumbaumba yodziwika ndi awiri magulu yopingasa zozungulira m'khosi ndi pakati pa chotengeracho. Pakati pawo kaŵirikaŵiri inali mabwalo concentric, amene cholinga ndi caliper a.

Zambiri zovuta zikuchokera m'zaka khumi BC. Tsopano, pali limodzi ndi iwiri meanders. Nthawi zambiri ankaimba ntchito zinthu zojambula za frieze pa linga la chotengeracho. Pansipa iwo zithunzi stylized wa anthu, nyama ndi zomera.

Pang'onopang'ono, wakale Agiriki patsogolo. Pa moyo Homer pali chizolowezi kuchepetsa dera friezes zojambula, zomwe m'malo mwa kuguba asilikali okwera magaleta kapena kulowezana kwa nyama zosiyanasiyana zakutchire.

Kulamulira mtundu chitsanzo anali wakuda kapena wofiira pa maziko woyera. Nthawi imeneyi, ziwerengero zonse anthropomorphic amasonyeza schematically. Thupi la anthu anali mu mawonekedwe a chinthu cha makona mozondoka, mutu - chowulungika ndi kafungo mphuno ndi mapazi zinali ndi zonenepa awiri (femur ndi tibia).

mumaganiza kum'mawa

Pang'onopang'ono, wakale Greek chikhalidwe cha ulemerero. Images ndi zovuta, pali ndondomeko ya pobwereka zinthu pa luso la anthu East. Makamaka nthawi imeneyi waima Korinto. M'zaka za zana lotsatira, lamuloli adzakhala malo okha kwa kupenta woumba.

Motero, chiwiri m'ma BC ndi ambuye Greek kuyambira kutengera amajambulapo maluwa okongola ndi nsalu kunja ndi makalapeti. Pa makoma ziwiya "kukhazikika" sphinxes, mikango, griffins ndi nyama zina.

Ndi mbali ya nthawi iyi ndi mantha a "chisokonezo." Choncho ofufuza lotchedwa mbali choyambirira chimene chimasiyanitsa akale Greek woumba kupenta nyumba ya kalembedwe Korinto. Padziko m'dera lonse la kuyesera kusiya malo aliwonse kanthu.

Iwo Korinto oumba maziko a nyengo mu ziwiya zadothi. Patatu moto, amene iwo anatulukira, anasonyeza yokha mu amphora wakuda chithunzi, zomwe tikukambirana pansipa.

Orientalising ofufuza kugawana ka Korinto ndipo nthawi chapamwamba. M'nthawi kupenta woumba kusanduka kuchokera ku zinyama zojambula zithunzi chilengedwe cha nyama ndi kujambula mwatsatanetsatane zolengedwa m'nthano. Ulamuliro waukulu wadothi ndi kudzapeza pamwamba kunja miphika ndi. zotengera angayerekezedwe ndi chinsalu cha mmisiri kapena amapereka woonda woumba.

Chapamwamba nthawi yomweyo amakhala ndi gulu la zinthu zojambula pa khosi ndi pafupi pansi. Ochuluka khoma anayimira kanjedza nyama ndi zomera zina, amene anachitika ku wakuda utoto.

wakuda chithunzi Miphika

Chifukwa cha chitukuko cha kalembedwe Korinto ndi ranneatticheskogo linada bii-chithunzi mbiya. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa njira ziwiri wotchuka ndi zofunika kwambiri mu dziko wakale pamodzi ndi red-chithunzi.

Mbali ya nthawi imeneyi kupanga chinali Oumba zimapanga osiyana ambuye wosanjikiza. Iwo anagwira ntchito basi kupanga mawonekedwe a chotengera ndi Kupeza ndi yomalizidwa nyemba. Ndiko kuti, amisiri izi sculpted dothi ndi zipolopolo mankhwala. zoumbaumba utoto chinkhoswe yekha akapolo amene ankaona bwino m'munsimu oumba mu malo awo.

chotengera Konzekerani kuwotchedwa kwa "yaiwisi" boma. Ndithu anaumitsa mpanda akadali analola kuti ang'ambe thupilo ndi ntchito wosanjikiza zakuthupi okonzeka, amene kenako anakhala zidzasintha yokongola. Kenako, fano ntchito njira ina yapadera glossy dongo ndi wodula.

Poyamba ankaganiza kuti mbiya izi chidafundidwa ndi lacquer, koma kafukufuku wa posachedwapa wasonyeza kuti ndi kachidutswa (glossy mtundu wa dothi) pambuyo yowotcha akupanga padziko chotengera.

Choncho, wakuda chithunzi mbiya anabadwa mwa mpanda wa Korinto, mu zokambirana za osema, amene nafuna chidutswa cha kum'mawa zachinsinsi, mu moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa Agiriki.

Koma pambuyo kalembedwe orientalizirovannogo, kutsogozedwa nyama, pali leni wakuda chithunzi mbiya. Iwo wapweteka chifanizo cha anthu. Zolinga zikuluzikulu anali maphwando, zikondwerero ndi nkhani ya Trojan nkhondo.

kupanga uwu unakhalapo kuyambira ciwiri pakati pa zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi BC. Izo zinali m'malo mwa ziwiya zadothi red-kalembedwe.

red-chithunzi mbiya

Akukhulupirira kuti red-chithunzi mbiya anaonekera mu mmasate za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi BC. Aatene Andokides, ndiye wophunzira wa mbuye wakuda chithunzi mbiya, woyamba anayamba kuyetsa mitundu. Ndipotu iye anangochita zosiyana. Osati wakuda chithunzi pa maziko a dongo unbaked ndi wakuda maziko, zimene fano ukuonekera mtundu chilengedwe cha zinthu.

Nthawiyi amadziwika ndi mpikisano zosavomerezeka pakati amisiri wa woumba, imene sayansi mChipangano "apainiya". Iwo ankagwira ntchito m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana, koma nthawi kusiya mauthenga mnzake Miphika. Mwachitsanzo, pa imodzi mwa amphorae anapeza mawu akuti "Epiphanius konse kodi mumadziwa." Wolemba akutchedwa zojambulajambula mbuye Evfimidu.

Choncho, red-zolochedwa Miphika kalembedwe kunafalikira zokwanira. Anasamukira kale kupitirira Greece. A ofanana njira mtima mural anapeza kum'mwera Italy. Nayenso anali wotchuka ndi Etruscans.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mu nthawi iyi pali kuchoka ku mfundo ndi zithunzi za chilengedwe. Chiwerengero cha anthu a zotengera amachepetsa, koma limayamba kugwiritsa ntchito kaonedwe akatswiri kuyenda ndi njira zina luso.

Tsopano mfiti amakhazikika mu mtundu wina wa nkhani kapena zithunzi (nyama, anthu, zomera ...). amisiri tsopano woumba zidzasankhidwa ndi mtundu wa ziwiya. Panali amisiri amene ankagwira ntchito yekha ndi amphoras. Ndi mitundu yofala mankhwala ceramic monga makapu, mbale, lekythos ndi Dinos.

Pogwiritsa maziko woyera

An wakale Greek woumba kupenta anapitiriza kusintha. Mu malo ofiira ndi wakuda ziwiya bilinguals pakubwera zatsopano njira mankhwala yokongola. Tsopano maziko si wakuda kapena zachilengedwe, ndi woyera. Nthawi imeneyi, mbuye akadali akufotokoza pa mitundu ina ya zipangizo.

Makamaka, kupenta pa maziko woyera ntchito pa terracotta alabastron, lekythos ndi aribalah. Amakhulupirira kuti mu njira yoyamba ntchito Psiax. Iye mu 510 BC lekythos analengedwa mu kalembedwe imeneyi. Koma wotchuka kwambiri amisiri woumba pa maziko woyera imatengedwa Pistoxenos zojambulajambula.

mfiti Zimenezi zinathandiza "zinayi mtundu luso." Iye anagwiritsa ntchito utoto, utoto ndi gilding. Chimodzimodzi woyera maziko mtundu anali akwaniritsa likuvutika anajambulapo dongo okuta "yaiwisi".

Similar woumba kupenta masitaelo kale kusunthira kutali ulemerero wapachiyambi ziwiya ceramic. Tsopano kulenga malangizo zatsopano zojambulajambula, ngati kupenta pachiyambi.

Nthawiyi anali mmodzi wa yomaliza mbiri ya Greek woumba kupenta. kupanga Komanso ali anatuluka m'dziko la madera ndi States wapafupi. Komanso, tsopano pali kuchoka ku zithunzi ndi milungu ndi nyama. Latsopano mfiti lolunjika pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa Agiriki.

Pali ziwiya ndi akazi m'zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku, anaimira zisudzo, kusewera zoimbira, ndi miyambo ina.

gnathia Miphika

Pang'onopang'ono, luso la woumba kupenta apita ku metropolises Greek kumudzi. Pacimake anali kum'mwera ambuye Italy. Amakezana ndipo ambiri awo kalembedwe anali gnathia Miphika. Izi ndi zenizeni komanso zokongola kwambiri kupenta njira, lomwe limapezeka pa chiyambi cha m'zaka za zana lachinayi BC.

Iwo amakhala ndi osiyanasiyana yaikulu mitundu. Panali wobiriwira ndi zofiirira, ofiira, achikasu, golide, woyera, wakuda ndi ena. chiwembu bwino bwino mu koyamba siteji zosiyanasiyana. Mtima anakumana Cupid, ntchito tsiku la akazi pa maholide kulemekeza Diyonisiyo, zisudzo ed ndi zina.

Komabe, mu mmasate wa m'zaka za zana lachinayi BC, pali chiletso zakuthwa kudzera mwa mawu ndi zochita zithunzi. Tsopano ntchito kokha woyera ndi wakuda mitundu ndi chitsanzo ndi wosalira kwambiri. Kusonyeza makamaka zomera, monga mphesa, Ivy ndi mlombwa, ndi pakati pa mphukira wa mpesa ndipo nthawizina pali nkhope anthu.

Choncho Greek woumba kupenta uyamba kufalikira m'madera Mediterranean pakati red-zoumbaumba. Ndipotu umisiri ndi gnathia izi Miphika anabadwa monga kupitiriza ake.

Kenako tikambirana chomaliza chitukuko cha mtundu wa luso lakalekale. The Center lakhazikitsidwa kale mpaka kalekale kum'mwera Italy.

Canosa ndi centuripe

Kuyambira tsopano Greek woumba kupenta kudutsa nthawi gnathia Miphika, lidzasinthidwa chikhumbo mwambo. nzika za Roma chidwi kwambiri zida ndi zipangizo ankagwiritsa ntchito mawu osavuta kwambiri ndi othandiza.

Pa chomaliza kupanga awiri pakati - Canosa ndi centuripe. Mbali yoyamba, ziwiya, penti ndi utoto madzi sungunuka. cookware Izi si kuwotcha ndipo sizinali ntchito. Mwachidule aikiwa mu ndumbi.

ambuye Sicilian wa centuripe ndinapitirira. Iwo samakhulupirira ngakhale kuti ntchito kupanga chidebe. Yopangidwa ndi utoto mbali opaka okongoletsedwa ndi stucco. Ndiye, mu manda ndipo sarcophagi shards amagwira wina ndi mzake, kupanga m'mafanizidwe a chigubu, mbale kapena kapu.

Pomaliza luso la Greece wakale anasamukira ku dera la Italy. Tsopano Latins anagwiritsa ntchito zimene mabwana wakale azikongoletsa moyo achibale awo amene anafa.

Monga tikuonera, atagwa ziwiya utoto Greece anamwalira pansi ndi kumizidwa mu chisokonezeko. The ufumu wa Aroma inamangidwa ndi dziko la asilikali ndi patricians, osati nzeru za anthu ofufuza ndi woyamba.

Choncho, m'nkhani ino tikambirana za zosowa zakale kupenta woumba. Ndi mawonekedwe choyambirira cha luso lomwe decorates zaka ziwiri palibe wina World Museum. Woumba kupenta katswiri wa Greece yakale kudabwa ofufuza ndi connoisseurs wa luso.

Zabwino zonse kwa inu, wokondedwa owerenga! Long maulendo ndi zidindo zokongola.