Ancient chikhalidwe: ntchito ka chitukuko cha chikhalidwe dziko

Ancient chikhalidwe - ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mawu kuthandauza yaitali nthawi mu mbiriyakale ya chikhalidwe inkachitika mu Mediterranean, makamaka, kuphatikizapo chitukuko zogwirizana of Ancient Greece ndi Ancient Rome. Pali, kuyambira Homer ndakatulo (8-7 m'ma BC) ndi kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Roma mu zana lachisanu BC.

Kuwerenga nkhani mwazaka zipilala za chikhalidwe wakale Greek ndi luso akhoza kudziwa chitukuko cha njira zakale kuti ayankhe kudzera images, koma pa nthawi yomweyo kosalekeza kuwongolera kwa mlingo wa zolinga apamwamba luso.

chikhalidwe wakale wa Agiriki ndi Aroma, tikukumana zotsatira za wakale Asia, anapambana mu dziko wakale monga m'munsi luso, maphunziro, chikhalidwe ndi sukulu. Zolingazo unapitirira anatsanzira. Izi Agiriki ndi Aroma chikhalidwe maziko ndi mphamvu kwambiri pa chinenero, ndale, maphunziro, maphunziro, sayansi, luso ndi mamangidwe a m'dzikoli masiku ano.

Chakale cholowa asangalala Zapakati mu Byzantine-Greek East ndi Latin West. The Byzantines amadzitcha ramu, ndasunga ambiri makhalidwe a zachuma, zamalamulo, mabungwe utsogoleri, mmene ku Roma. Ku Ulaya Northern, ndi Wachifulanki mfumu Karl Veliky ndi Achisaxon wolamulira Otto Ine, wofunitsitsa kuti abwezeretse Western Roma, kuika Papa wa Rome ku Rome monga "mfumu ndi August." chikhalidwe yakale yoyendera nakhalanso pa zikamera wa izikhala neoclassical zaka 18-19. Zotsalira za masiku amakedzana Agiriki ndi Aroma - ndalama, zodzikongoletsera, woumba kupenta, zosemasema, zomangamanga, mabuku - chidwi okonda mu mibadwo yonse.

Vesi ku Latin anapitirizabe kulemba, ndipo m'zaka 19. Mwa ndakatulo wotchuka - Dzhon Milton ndi Artur Rembo muli ndakatulo malangizo ake oyamba mu chinenero. Mu nyimbo, tizikumbukira Igorya Stravinskogo komanso "Greek Trilogy" kwa kuvina "Apollo", "Orpheus", "Agon".

Ancient chikhalidwe, ndi nzika zake m'nthano ndi zizindikiro anasiya chizindikiro kwambiri mabuku Western ndi kupenta.

Mu nzeru za ntchito ya St. Fomy Akvinskogo makamaka zochokera maganizo a Plato, koma kusintha malamulo mu kuwala kwa Chikhristu.

zomangamanga The Munthu wotereyu zingapo "Kubadwa Kwatsopano", makamaka a zomangamanga Roman, ndi yokwanira chitsanzo cha Washington ku America. Mzindawu uli wodzazidwa ndi nyumba yaikulu nsangalabwi, amene amatikumbutsa kwambiri akachisi Roma ndi mizati.

Amakedzana wakhala makamaka wotchuka nkhani chidwi mu zaka khumi mphambu zisanu-chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, pamene chakale sculptural ndi mapulani ntchito anali zifukwa adalasidwa ndi misomali. Zithunzi kusindikizidwa atumikira monga nkhani zofunika kwambiri. Anapereka mwayi kwa anthu ndi zaluso ndiponso chikhalidwe ntchito, kuphunzira nawo. Chitsanzo chimodzi - "Bacchanalia" Andrea Mantegna. Izo analengedwa ndi mmisiri kwambiri atapita ku Roma (mu zaka 1488-1490). mbali khalidwe zojambula mochita kugoba - frizopodobnaya zikuchokera kanjedza anakopera ku sarcophagi wakale kuti Mantegna anawona kusonkhanitsa payekha ndi mipingo Roma. ntchito kwambiri mbuye wamkulu wa kumpoto Kubadwa Kwatsopano, Albrehta Dyurera, amene wakale chikhalidwe lilinso chinkatilimbikitsa kwambiri ndi kafukufuku. Zipatso za chikoka izi ndi bwino kuonekera chosema ndi Durer "Adamu ndi Hava". Adam angabweretse wa Apollona Belvederskogo, chosema chimene chinapezeka pafupi Rome cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu mochedwa.

Kutsanzira ntchito zazikulu za anthu akale, nthawi yomweyo akuyesa kuti awakwapule, amisiri, Osema, olemba nthawi wotsatira mbiri kwenikweni nakhalanso ukulu wa chi zachikhalidwe.