Wazomangamanga Bazhenov: chidwi mfundo. Moscow mamangidwe a theka lachiwiri la m'ma 18

Nkhani za zomangamanga a mumzinda wa Moscow sizikanakhala kwathunthu popanda kutchula dzina la otchuka Russian wamanga monga Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov.

Wosakhwima Gothic - izi ndi kalembedwe kwambiri ntchito kupulumuka kwa Bazhenov. Mu njira iyi, zovuta wamangidwa Tsaritsyno. Ambiri mwa nyumba ndi nyumba amakhudzidwa kwambiri nthawi ndi nthawi, koma ntchito yobwezeretsa imachitika pa Soviet ndipo pambuyo Soviet nthawi, anathandiza kuti abwezeretse ambiri a iwo.

Childhood ndi unyamata

Malo enieni ndi tsiku lobadwa samadziwika Vasily Bazhenov. Iye anabadwa March 1, chaka cha 1737, kapena 1738, anamwalira pa August 2, 1799. Great Russian wamanga anali m'banja la boma yaing'ono mpingo. Malinga ndi zimene mabuku ena amanena kuti iye anabadwa mu Moscow, pa zina - mu Maloyaroslavets ndipo anasamukira ku Moscow mu zaka zitatu pamwezi. Mu 1753 Vasily analowa ophunzira wotchedwa Dmitry Uhtomtsevu. Kwa iye analandira maphunziro wake woyamba pa zomangamanga ndi kumanga. Complete maphunziro tsogolo wamanga Bazhenov ali osati kuchokera pamene zovuta ndalama banja yokakamiza iye kupereka maphunziro ake ndi kukagwira ntchito. Mu 1755 anayamba kuphunzira pa Moscow State University. Bazhenov ndi wolemba mbiri woyamba, Metropolitan wa Kiev Eugene Bolkhovitinov, analemba kuti Basil nayenso anaphunzira pa Asilavo-Greek-Latin Academy. Akatswiri wotsatira, mfundo imeneyi anali umboni. Mwina motere munthu wauzimu ayesera kuukitsa kutchuka kwa mabungwe subordinated izo.

chiwonetsero cha talente

Mu 1758 Vasily Bazhenov mwa ophunzira pamwamba 16 pa umboni wa Ivan Shuvalov anam'tumiza St. Petersburg kumene anakhazikitsa Academy of Wabwino Tirhana. Kuphunzira woyamba luso mwana Vasily Bazhenov zapita kwakukuru ndipo anapambana malo oyamba mu kusanja bwino ntchito. The wamanga mkulu wa Russian Admiralty Chevakinsky anakhala namkungwi munthu zingamuthandize kwambiri, aluso kwambiri ndi mnyamata uja wanzeru.

Patatha zaka zitatu Vasily Bazhenov ndi Anton Losenko anakhala ophunzira loyamba la Academy of Tirhana, mphoto-maphunziro.

maphunziro Komanso zinachitika mu Paris ku situdiyo ya Charles de Wailly. Kenako, wazomangamanga Bazhenov anali kulimbikitsa waukulu wa French neoclassicism mu Russia ndi maganizo a De Wailly mukhale stylistic kunsonga kwa neoclassical Moscow.

Iye anabwerera ku Russia mu May 1765 ndi umboni losonyeza zokhudza makhalidwe ake wopanda akatswiri ndi makhalidwe abwino. Komabe, oyang'anira latsopano Academy anamufunsa kuti tinafotokoza okhwima ntchito chofunika ndi kupereka latsopano ntchito nkhani yolembedwa ntchito. Achinyamata Russian wamanga unadonthezedwa ndi Catherine II ndi mwana wake Paulo. Wolowa ufumu, analamula Bazhenov kapangidwe ndi pomanga Nyumbayi pa Stone Island, ndipo mu 1766 Grigory Orlov anamuuza kuti pomanga nkhokwe. Mu ntchito imeneyi Vasily Ivanovich ku St. Petersburg inatha. Wazomangamanga Bazhenov anasamukira ku Moscow, kumene ankakhala ndi ntchito mpaka imfa yake.

Kremlin Palace

Catherine adafotokoza lingaliro la kukonzanso zachifumu dilapidated wa Moscow Kremlin. Bazhenov nsangala kugwira ntchito. Kale mu 1767, iye anapereka kwa zochita apamwamba a kamangidwe wosangalatsa wa Big Kremlin Palace. Orlov amakayikira kuthekera ntchito yomanga imeneyi chinyumba chachikulu, koma wamanga mu masomphenya ake a zogona lachifumu anakhalabe sankafuniranso ndi chilimwe 1768, anamaliza kukhazikitsidwa kwa polojekiti. Malinga ndi dongosolo lake linali kutembenukira Europe yaikulu yachifumu zovuta, anaphedwa kalembedwe neoclassical. Iye ankayenera kuti m'malo boma la Russia zaka kwathunthu. The zikutsatiridwa anakonza kusunga okha mipingo, omwe anakhala zosaoneka ku mtsinje, chifukwa tsogolo udawaphimba makoma a nyumba yachifumu. Mu ndondomekoyi, onse kum'mwera moyang'ana, mwachitsanzo shestisotmetrovuyu mpanda wa Konstantinovskaya nsanja kum'mawa, kumadzulo ndi Borovitskaya zina khoma kumadzulo ya zida kumpoto, kutenga latsopano zinayi nkhani yachifumu. Bazhenov ankafuna kuika mwachindunji pa otsetsereka phompho pakati pa malo okwera ndi boma la Russia khoma, zomwe amayenera kunyamula. The wamanga anapereka stacking miyala buttresses kuteteza kutsetsereka dongosolo mu mtsinje. Anakonza kulimbikitsa embankment gombe tarred zipika.

Malinga ndi polojekiti mbiri tchalitchi m'dera limeneli lili ndi la kum'mawa kwa boma la Russia anali kuphwanya latsopano. Iye anali atayamba ndi misewu yatsopano zozungulira, kupita ku malo kumpoto, kumpoto-kumadzulo, kumpoto, kum'mawa. nyumba yachifumu zinakonzedwa pa Tverskaya Street. ntchito amayenera kukhala chiyambi cha wamakono wa lonse wa Moscow. Mu 1775, zinthu zimene olowa pansi pa utsogoleri wa Petro ndi Nikolai Kozhin Legrand dongosolo chinapatsidwa mphamvu yokhala naye.

Tsaritsyno

M'chaka cha 1775 Bazhenov kuyamba bukuli wa Tsaritsyno, zomwe Tsikulo osati waliteteza. Nyumba Bazhenova anali zogwirizana ya ufulu ataima nyumba mu Russian Wachiwiri-chakale kalembedwe. Titamaliza ndi chiyanjo cha Mfumukazi ya ndondomekoyi anali naye. Phunziro lalikulu anali kukhala m'nyumba, wopangidwa mwa nyumba ziwiri, kulumikiza inali. Phiko limodzi chinali choti Catherine, ndipo chachiwiri - mwana wake ndi wolowa Paulo. Monga kapangidwe anakonza mwambo Russian matailosi wachikuda ndi zodzikongoletsera. Catherine anatsutsa ndi kuumirira wosalira Baibulo - mpanda wa njerwa zofiira zokongoletsera woyera ndi wachikasu matailosi Khoma padengapo.

Bazhenov anayamba kumanga zovuta kuti mzere kutsogolo kwa nyumba yaing'ono, zitseko ndi milatho, chokongoletsedwa ndi mapeto abwino kaso kuti wakhala atayika. Mu 1776, izo anamaliza kukongoletsa asanaganize mlatho chigwa a. ntchito zinali zovuta chifukwa chosowa aluso ndi disruptions ndalama.

Mu 1777 Bazhenov anagwetsa wakale matabwa nyumba ya eni wakale chuma ndipo anayamba kumanga nyumba yachifumu yaikulu. Linamangidwa pa zaka eyiti. The matupi ziwiri zazikulu Chinawonjezeka wina zambiri - chapakati ana Paulo. Bwanamkubwa James Bruce, amene anapita Tsarina mu 1784, anadabwa chifukwa analibe wamkulu, mkulu nyumba. Koma kuperewera anatumiza lipoti wachangu kuti Catherine.

Analeka kugwira ntchito pa polojekiti Tsaritsyn

Mu June 1785, Catherine mwadzidzidzi anapita Tsaritsyno anakhalabe kusakhutira ndi woyenda pang'onopang'ono ntchito. Mfumukazi Palace imawunikidwa monga zosafunika pa moyo: a zipinda zamdima, kudenga otsika, yopapatiza masitepe. Chaka chino, ubale Catherine ndi Paulo irreversibly sakuyenda. Mfumukazi ankachita nawo nkhani motsatizana. Ndi Palace ya chodabwitsa amapasa anakhala pachithunzichi ndale. Catherine analamula kuphwasula nyumbayi ndi kumanga zikuluzikulu yachifumu. Bazhenov ndi Kazakov analamulidwa kukhala ntchito yatsopano. Wazomangamanga Bazhenov anapereka ntchito mpaka mapeto a 1785, koma anakanidwa, ndi Vasili anachotsedwa. Ekaterina Kazakova osankhidwa ntchito. yachifumu Bazhenov anali anagwetsa m'chilimwe cha 1786. Akukhulupirira kuti Catherine sanatenge ntchito Bazhenov chifukwa cha ophiphiritsa Masonic ndi kalembedwe Gothic. Izo sizingakhale zoona, ngati Cossacks ntchito zawo anapitiriza mobwerezabwereza Gothic ndi Masonic zizindikiro.

khitchini Building

Mu Tsaritsyno Anakhalabe kwambiri dongosolo Bazhenova - nyumba kukhitchini kapena Mkate House. Ndi nyumba lalikulu ndi ngodya anamaliza poyamba lakonzedwa kuti tisadwale, malo, zipinda zodyeramo ndi nyumba kwa anthu ogwira ntchito. Zolowetsa anapangidwa kwa izo mkati - kuti zosiyanasiyana zachuma ndi mtumiki safuna kuwasuntha kudutsa diso la alendo ndi makamu Manor. Pa pansi pa mwala alimbane ndi oundana woyera kuti ndinu wamkulu kusunga kutentha. The wapakamwa lonse chokongoletsedwa ndi zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana :. mitanda ya mkate ndi castors, magalasi garlands, Masonic mzere, etc. Pakali pano, Mkate House ntchito zoimbaimba ndi zochitika zina za chikhalidwe. Nthawi zina, pali maphwando.

sing'anga Palace

Opera House, kapena Middle Dvorets Ekateriny, ndi awiri mutu mphungu pa parapets ndi pamakoma ankafunira ntchito kwa madyerero yaing'ono boma komanso kumadansi ndi zisudzo m'chilimwe. Kwa nthawi yaitali nyumba yachifumu sanali mu njira iliyonse. Kwa iye panali makoma okha. Mu 1988 anayamba zaka zisanu ndi zitatu ntchito yobwezeretsa. Kwambiri zowulutsira mawu a nyumbayi amalola kuti zoimbaimba. Palinso makamu yoonetsa zosemasema.

Pashkov nyumba

Vasily Bazhenov - wazomangamanga amene analenga munthu mwa zizindikiro otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse wa Moscow. Linamangidwa mu zaka 1785-1786 Pashkov House. Kapangidwe kuzindikira zambiri amapezeka mu zojambula ndi, zojambula mochita kugoba, mapositi khadi, masitampa, mabokosi a maswiti, etc. Pambuyo kuchotsedwa kwa polojekiti "Tsaritsyno" Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov anathyola komishoni aumwini Muscovites olemera. Choncho, pa phiri Vagankovsky anamanga nyumba zazikulu za mwala woyera kwa mkulu-mkulu Semenov Regiment ndi mkazi wake. nyumba wapakamwa amayang'ana kwa Starovagankovsky mkanjira, ndipo boma la Russia anatembenuka mbali kumbuyo. Amaganiza kuti m'njira imeneyi ya wamanga anasonyeza chakukhosi wake wa Mfumukazi Tsaritsyno.

Atamwalira eni wopanda mwana Pashkov House anatengera wachibale, amene mosangalala kukwatira kapena kukwatiwa ndi heiress, mwana wamkazi wa Gold Migodi anatha muli dongosolo bwino. Zotsatira za Pashkov House anagulitsa zopereka.

Russian Chitsitsimutso kalembedwe a zomangamanga

Russian adherent sukulu neoclassical a zomangamanga, wojambula fanizo theoretician a zomangamanga ndi mphunzitsi Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov ndi anzake ndi ophunzira Matvey Kazakov ndi Ivan Starov kulenga Russian dziko chinenero kamangidwe omwe anali mawu Peter I. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Russian chitukuko m'tawuni anatsegulira ya mapulani yachilendo - Quarenghi, Rinaldi, Cameron ndi ena.

Chisoni tsoka la wamanga luso

Kuyamba kuonekera kwa ndalama ya wamanga Bazhenov anatsogolera mu bwalo la olemera tycoons ulamuliro ndi andale, ogwira. Osadziwa za malonda ndi mayiko anachititsa mavuto mu muzochitika munthu ndi akatswiri a moyo Vasily Ivanovich. Awiri a ntchito yake yaikulu yomanga ananyanyalidwa pazifukwa zandale kapena zachuma. Iye analephera kugwira ntchito yake ya kukhazikitsanso Grand Kremlin Palace. The Palace Imperial mu Tsaritsyno, amene anali kukhala maziko a zonse zovuta Tsaritsyno anawonongedwa ndi Catherine II. ntchito ina, nyumba Moscow State University, wafunsira mikangano lakuthwa ndi zopindula kale, wamanga, Prokofiev Demidov, ndipo zinachititsa kuti bankirapuse wathunthu Bazhenov. Asanafe, Vasily kwambiri nkhawa za tsogolo la ana awo, chifukwa ankaopa kuwopa kuti ali yogwirira ntchito yomanga, umene ngati nkhani ya akuipiratu wonyenga.

Anasiya Bazhenova

Bazhenova cholowa Zatsala asanamvetsetse. Pali kukayikira analembedwa, analembedwa ndi Davideyo ena zinthu. Makamaka ngati nyumba Bazhenov wazomangamanga Pashkov House? Akukhulupirira kuti ndi ntchito za wophunzira ake, amene anakonzera zaka zambiri chiphunzitso pa Academy of Tirhana. Atamwalira Catherine Paulo ndinaika Vasily Ivanovich wotsatila pulezidenti wa Academy. Phunziro kuyambira ofufuza ambiri, makamaka, Igor Grabar, Shvidkovskiy KUCHITA Chifukwa iwo kwambiri, koma si zonse zinali zoonekeratu. Mu "Mfundo kuona wa Moscow" Karamzin akuyerekeza ntchito Bazhenova ndi Republic ndi Thomas Plato More a enaake. Mwina ndicho chifukwa iwo sanali akuyendera.