Ndi mathanki mankhwala chiyani? Mitundu ya makina amene mankhwala

The mankhwala anachita ndi ndondomeko imbaenda ku kutembenuka kwa reactants lapansi. Iwo amakhala ndi kusintha, amene udzabala mankhwala chimodzi kapena zingapo ena kuposa kuyambira. zosiyanasiyana mankhwala ndi osiyanasiyana. Izo zimatengera mtundu wa reactants, thunthu chifukwa, zikhalidwe ndi nthawi ya kaphatikizidwe, kuwonongeka, kusamutsidwa, isomerization, asidi-soda, redox, etc. ndi njira organic.

mathanki mankhwala ndi thanki anafuna wozengereza zochita kuti akulitse chomaliza mankhwala. zinalengedwera kumatengera zifukwa zosiyanasiyana ndipo ayenera kupereka zokolola pazipita kwambiri mtengo m'njira zothandiza.

mitundu

Pali atatu zitsanzo zazikulu zoyamba za makina amene mankhwala:

• Mtanda.
• Wopitiriza analimbikitsa thanki (HPM).
• Pulagi-otaya riyakitala (PFR).

Izi zitsanzo zofunika zikhoza kusinthidwa malinga ndi zofunikira za ndondomeko mankhwala.

mtanda riyakitala

The mayunitsi mankhwala mtundu uwu ntchito njira mtanda pa kupanga yaing'ono lonse, anachita nthawi yaitali kapena kumene selectivity kwambiri zimatheka, monga ena njira polymerization.

Chifukwa chaichi, mwachitsanzo, nkhani ya amene ali kukwiya zosapanga dzimbiri chotengera mkati ntchito masamba, thovu mpweya kapena kudzera mwa mapampu. Kutentha ulamuliro ikuchitika kudzera zamphepo kutentha ndi kuzizira, refrigerators ulimi wothirira kapena ikukoka kudzera kutentha exchanger.

Mtanda makina amene panopa ntchito mankhwala ndi processing chakudya mafakitale. zokha awo ndi kukhathamiritsa amalenga Kuvuta, kuyambira m'pofunika kuphatikiza njira yothandizira ndi apawokha.

Theka-mtanda mankhwala makina amene kuphatikiza ntchito mosalekeza ndi mtanda modes. bioreactor A Mwachitsanzo, amene nthawi yodzaza ndi mosalekeza akumasula carbon dioxide, zimene ziyenera mosalekeza kuchotsedwa. Mofananamo, chlorination anachita, pamene mmodzi wa reactants ndi chlorine gasi, ngati si kutumikiridwa mosalekeza, zambiri za izo ukuphwera.

Kuonetsetsa mabuku kupanga lalikulu ntchito makina amene makamaka mankhwala kapena zitsulo chotengera mosalekeza ndi stirrer kapena otaya mosalekeza.

Wopitiriza analimbikitsa thanki riyakitala

reactants amadzimadzi kudyetsedwa kwa chidebe zosapanga dzimbiri. Kuonetsetsa zimachitika moyenera tsamba awo ntchito analimbikitsa. Choncho, mtundu wa riyakitala reactants ndi mosalekeza kudyetsedwa mu mgodi woyamba (ofukula, zitsulo), ndiyeno iwo mu wotsatira, imodzi mosamala kusakaniza aliyense chotengera. Ngakhale zikuchokera osakaniza ndi yunifolomu aliyense thanki mu dongosolo monga ndende lonse zimasiyanasiyana chidebe kwa chidebe.

Kuchuluka pafupifupi nthawi kuti apawokha kuchuluka kwa reactant amathera mu thanki (zogona nthawi) akhoza kuchita masamu chabe ndi kugawa buku la chidebe pa mlingo pafupifupi volumetric akulowera therethrough. Zikuyembekezeka kuchuluka wafiske zotani kuchita masamu ntchito kinetics mankhwala.

Zopangidwa akasinja zosapanga dzimbiri kapena kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi enamelled.

Zina mwa zinthu zofunika za DMI

kuwerengetsera onse anachita potengera mix abwino. Zimene atuluka pa mtengo zokhudzana ndende komaliza. Pa mgwirizano, mlingo otaya ayenera kukhala wolingana ndi mlingo otaya, mwinamwake pa mosungiramo ndi zonse kapena kanthu.

Nthawi zambiri zachuma bwino ntchito ndi angapo siriyo kapena kufanana HPM. Zosapanga dzimbiri zitsulo akasinja pamodzi ndi kugwa mayunitsi asanu kapena asanu tingathe kumachita zinthu pulagi otaya riyakitala. Zimenezi zimathandiza unit choyamba ntchito ndi ndende apamwamba a reagents ndipo chotero, mlingo wapamwamba anachita. Komanso mosungiramo akhoza adzaikidwa ofukula zitsulo HPM magawo angapo, m'malo njira amachitika ziwiya zosiyanasiyana.

Mu yopingasa multistage kuphedwa wagawo analigawa ndi makoma ofukula kugawa wa msinkhu osiyana, amene osakaniza umayenda cascades.

Pamene reactants ndi bwino miscible kapena zayamba amasiyana kachulukidwe wa choimirira multistage riyakitala (galasi-alimbane kapena zosapanga dzimbiri zitsulo) mu mode yopatsirana. Izi ndi zothandiza zosiyanasiyana kusintha.

Ang'ono fluidized kama wosanganiza kwathunthu. Large malonda fluidized-bedi riyakitala ali zayamba yunifolomu kutentha koma zikulumikizana miscible ndi boma kuimirira ndi kufupika umayenda therebetween.

Chemical otaya riyakitala

PFR - ndi riyakitala (zosapanga dzimbiri zitsulo), mmene chimodzi kapena zingapo madzi reactants ndi kupopa kudzera payipi kapena chubu. Iwo akutchedwanso otaya tubular. Zingabweretse mipope angapo kapena machubu. reactants ndi kudyetsedwa mosalekeza kudzera kumalekezero, ndi zinthu kubwera kwa mzake. mankhwala zako kuchitidwe monga chitadutsa kusakaniza.

The PFR anachita mathamangidwe masinthidwe amtundu dongosolo: ndi polowera ndi mkulu, koma ndi kuchepetsa anthu ambiri reactants ndi zokolola mankhwala kuchuluka zili kubweza liwiro lake. Childs, wamphamvu mgwirizano zimatheka.

Chitsanzo ndi lathu yopingasa ndi ofukula za riyakitala lapansi.

Pamene chofunika kutentha kutengerapo, ndi machubu munthu anayikidwa mu jekete kapena chipolopolo ndi chubu kutentha exchanger ntchito. Zikatero, mankhwala ikhoza kukhala mu nyumba kapena chitoliro ndi.

Muli zitsulo ndi nozzles lalikulu awiri kapena ofanana bathtubs PFR ndipo ankagwiritsa ntchito. Mu ena masanjidwe ntchito ofananira ndi zozungulira otaya, zikopa angapo ndi kuzizira Integrated kutentha, yopingasa kapena ofukula udindo wa riyakitala ndi zina zotero.

Chotengera ndi reagent ndi kutinso mudzazidwe ndi inert kapena othandizira nkhani particulate kuwonjezera kukhudzana interfacial mu anachita sakanikira.

Kufunika kwa PFR ndi kuwerengetsera alibe kuganizira ofukula kapena yopingasa kusanganikirana - imeneyi inaperekedwa akuti "pulagi otaya". reactants akhoza anadzetsa pa riyakitala osati polowera. Choncho n'zotheka kukwaniritsa Mwachangu apamwamba kwambiri EPA kapena kuchepetsa kukula kwake ndi mtengo. Magwiridwe PSC ndi zambiri kuposa za NRM buku chomwecho. Pakuti makhalidwe ofanana voliyumu ndi nthawi mathanki anachita pisitoni adzakhala ndi kuchuluka apamwamba cha kutsiriza kuposa aggregates kusakaniza.

zazikulu mgwirizano

Pakuti ambiri mankhwala zako sikutheka kukwaniritsa 100 peresenti chokwanira. liwiro awo amachepetsa ndi kuwonjezeka index izi kwa mphindi pamene dongosolo ikufika zazikulu mgwirizano (pamene yankho okwana kapena kusintha zikuchokera zimachokeradi). Mfundo za mgwirizano mu kachitidwe kwambiri ndi zosakwana 100% kumalizidwa kwa ndondomekoyi. Pachifukwa ichi m'pofunika kuti ndondomeko kupatukana monga distillation, kuti asiyanitse reagents otsala kapena zinthu za chandamale. reagents izi nthawi zina reused m'chiyambi cha ndondomeko, mwachitsanzo, monga ndondomeko Haber.

Mfundo ya EPA

Pulagi otaya makina amene ntchito kutembenuka mankhwala mankhwala pa gulu lawo kudzera dongosolo, chokhala chubu, ndi cholinga zikuluzikulu, kudya, homogeneous kapena sakanikira zochita, njira yothandizira kupanga ndi pamene kumasuka yambiri kutentha.

Yabwino PFR ali amodzi zogona nthawi, mwachitsanzo, madzi aliyense (pisitoni) kufika pa nthawi T, amachoka nthawi T + τ, kumene τ - .. Mumakhalako nthawi mu mbewu.

mathanki mankhwala mtundu adzalandira mpweya wambiri wa ntchito pa nthawi yaitali, komanso kwambiri kutentha kutengerapo. The kuipa PFR ndi vuto la polojekiti kutentha kwa ndondomekoyi zimene zingachititse kuti kusiyana osafunika kutentha, ndi mtengo awo apamwamba.

mathanki othandizira

Ngakhale mayunitsi wa mtundu uwu nthawi zambiri akuyendera mawonekedwe a EPA, iwo amafuna chisamaliro zovuta zambiri. Mlingo wa anachita othandizira ndi njila ndi kuchuluka kwa chothandizira mu kukhudzana ndi mankhwala. Pankhani ya chothandizira olimba ndi reactant madzi ndi njila kwa liwiro njira m'dera zilipo, polowera mankhwala ndi malonda, ndi kusankha zimadalira pamaso pa chipwirikiti kusanganikirana.

Zimene othandizira kwenikweni zambiri tsatane Mipikisano. Osati kokha reactants koyamba anatani ndi chothandizira lapansi. Ndi iye anatani ndi ena intermediates lapansi.

Khalidwe la catalysts ndi chofunika mu kinetics wa ndondomekoyi, makamaka zochita mkulu petrochemical, monga iwo deactivated ndi sintering, coking ndi njira zofanana.

Ntchito umisiri watsopano

Akuti sar ntchito kwa kutembenuka kwa nkhuni. Mu zatsopano za makina amene kuthamanga ntchito. Kuthamanga pa iwo angafikire 35 MPa. Ntchito zamitundu angapo zosiyanasiyana nyumba yogonamo nthawi masekondi 0.5 600. Pofuna kukwaniritsa kutentha owonjezera 300 ° C ntchito ndi makina amene electrically mkangano. chakudya zotsalira zazomera imagwiridwa ndi HPLC-mapampu.

PSC nanoparticles aerosol

Pali chidwi ndithu mu kaphatikizidwe ndi ntchito nanoparticles zolinga zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kasakaniza wazitsulo mkulu ndi ochititsa wandiweyani filimu kwa makampani zamagetsi. Ntchito zina ndi monga muyeso wa chiwopsezo maginito, kufala mu kutali infuraredi ndi nyukiliya maginito kumveka. Pakuti kachitidwe m'pofunika kutulutsa ankalamulira tinthu kukula. awiri awo zambiri mu osiyanasiyana nm 10 500.

Chifukwa kukula, mawonekedwe ndi mkulu enieni padziko m'dera la particles izi angagwiritsidwe ntchito yopanga inki zodzikongoletsera, zikopa, catalysts, ziwiya zadothi, othandizira ndi makina amene photocatalytic. Ntchito zitsanzo za nanoparticles monga SnO ₂ zimatulutsa mpweya monoxide, TiO ₂ ulusi, SiO ₂ silika colloidal ndi ulusi kuwala, C kwa fillers mpweya wamtayala, Fe zakuthupi kujambula, Ni batire ndipo ndalama zocheperako palladium, magnesium ndipo bismuth. zinthuzi onse apanga mu makina amene aerosol. Mu mankhwala, nanoparticles ntchito kwa kupewa ndi kuchiza matenda chilonda, amadzala yokumba fupa, komanso kulingalira za ubongo.

Mwachitsanzo yopanga

Pakuti particles aluminiyamu pansi pa argon mtsinje, ladzala ndi zitsulo utakhazikika mu RAC ndi mamilimita 18 m'mimba mwake ndipo 0.5 mamita kutalika kutentha kwa 1600 ° C pa 1000 ° C / s. Ngati mpweya kudutsa riyakitala abwera nucleation ndi kukula kwa particles aluminiyamu. Mlingo otaya 2 DM ³ / Mph ndi kukakamizidwa ndi 1 ATM (1013 Pa). Monga mpweya ndi utakhazikika ndi kayendedwe amakhala supersaturated, imbaenda zikamera wa particles mwansanga ndi tizidutswa nthunzi kuti mobwerezabwereza mpaka tinthu kufika kukula yovuta. Monga akamayendetsa mpweya supersaturated zotayidwa mamolekyulu condense pa particles, kuwonjezeka kukula.