Pakompyuta makampani a Russia. Kukula kwa makampani zamagetsi

Zoweta zamagetsi makampani wagonjetsedwa tsiku theka ya atumwi. Iwo ali kunayambira ku Soviet Union, ndipo pamene panali mapangidwe madera kutsogolera kafukufuku ndi mabizinezi zamakono. Tinali njira, ndi zokwera ndi chisokonezeko. Pa nthawi iyi, njira ya chitukuko cha mafakitale zamagetsi mpaka 2025, komanso kukhazikitsa pulogalamu olowa wa Union State "Maziko."

makampani sitima

Zamagetsi angayerekezedwe ndi "imvi kadinala" wa chuma - zikuchitika m'dera limeneli kawirikawiri kukometsera m'manyuzipepala, koma chitukuko umadalira pa boma lonse amakampani ambiri mafakitale ndi makampani asilikali. Zifukwa chitetezo, simungathe nthawi zonse ntchito zigawo za abwenzi ena, ndiponso ubwino chuma mankhwala m'banja zoonekeratu. Ndi N'zosadabwitsa mu nthawi ya USSR Ministry of Intaneti Makampani anachita ndi zimphona ngati Microelectronics monga "Micron", "yofunika", "ndi", "pachimake", "LOMO", "Long mtunda kulankhulana" ndi ena.

Akale ndi tsogolo

Mu Soviet Union ndi zamagetsi makampani mabizinezi anamwazikana gawo lalikulu, makamaka mu gawo European la Russia, Belarus ndi Ukraine. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iwo anapanga limodzi inakula zovuta zomwe unatha ndi kugwa kwa Union.

Mu "mgugu 90" ambiri makampani Russian makamaka mfundo anataya umatha. Pakompyuta makampani mu Russia akhala akhala phased kuti: anapulumuka yekha mtsogoleri yamphamvu ya JSC «Institute Research ya maselo Electronics" ndi mbewu "Micron" OJSC ( "Micron") ndi JSC "Angstrom" ili Zelenograd.

Mu ena zinthu zabwino inatsimikizira kuti Minsk "yofunika", mothandizidwa panokha ndi mutsogoleli Lukashenko. Komabe, iye asaluza malamulo lalikulu cholinga wapawiri. kampaniyo kuchepetsa lonse kupanga, koma chifukwa cha thandizo boma ndi cholinga pa malamulo ang'ono-ang'ono katundu zina zamakono kwa ogula zoweta ndi purchasers a pakompyuta-chigawo m'munsi (ECB) ochokera m'mayiko ena kukhala wolimba.

Mwamwayi, m'ma 2000s. utsogoleri Russian wakhala anazindikira kufunika njira ya chitukuko cha magetsi ake, ndipo mu 2007 anatenga "Njira ya chitukuko cha mafakitale pakompyuta mpaka 2025". Kale pali zoonekeratu anasinthira m'derali makamaka mu nkhondo ndi malo makampani ndi chitetezo.

"Maziko"

Limodzi ndi chitukuko mfundo zoweta anapezerapo pulogalamu "Basic", kupereka kubwezeretsa Intaneti sayansi ndi kupanga pakati pa mabungwe kafukufuku ndi mabizinezi a Russia ndi Belarus mu State Union. Komanso, "m'munsi" polojekiti anali mmodzi wa zinthu apamwamba, yopambana mapulogalamu chitukuko Azamlengalenga, makampani mankhwala, Optics, ulimi wa mayunitsi dizilo, kutukula luso laser.

Ndipotu, nakhalanso makampani pakompyuta wa USSR - kapena kani, umatha. Tisadalire ntchito olowa mu gawo lino, kuphatikiza initiators akufuna kulemba tsamba latsopano mu mbiri ya chitsitsimutso cha zamagetsi, koma zitasinthidwa yofanana ndi ankapita mu dera submicron. Pa kutsogolo kuno zakonzedwa zolinga njira inati athu - chitetezo ndi kukonzanso chitetezo.

zinachitikira yachilendo

Nthawiyi, makampani amagetsi a dziko ikupita patsogolo ndi leaps ndi malire. Mu US, mwachitsanzo, ma anachoka mu mawu a mankhwala ananenanso mu malo oyamba, patsogolo pa galimoto ndipo ndege makampani. Yogwira thandizo la boma kuti makampani ndi China, Taiwan, India, Korea, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia. Apa, zamagetsi amaonedwa monga ogwira ndalezo zochotsa chuma dziko ndi kulowa mu dziko msika.

Mkulu zamakono mabungwe kufunafuna tingasulirane mbali iyi sayansi, yosalekerera palibe bailouts. Chaka chilichonse mapulogalamu sayansi ndi luso ndi madola mpaka 12 biliyoni.

Trends ndi zochitika

chidwi linaperekedwa kwa chitukuko cha luso boma-micron zotsimikizira lalikulu lonse Integrated madera (VLSI). Pa zaka 30-40 zapitazi, chinthu m'munsi wopyoza mibadwo ingapo chitukuko: panali lalikulu (LSI), mwaunyinji kwambiri ndipo pa maziko slozhnofunktsionalnye dongosolo pa Chip (SoC).

Akatswiri yaitali ananena kuti masiku ano ya zamagetsi ndiyo patsogolo zosiyanasiyana - .. Kulumikizana, mafakitale zoyendera kutumiza zaumoyo, banki ndi minda chikhalidwe, zida zankhondo, etc. Chatsopano umisiri makampani zamagetsi asiya mayiko, monga USA, England, Japan, Germany, France ndi ena, gwirani levers kulamulira dziko: usilikali, luso, chuma ndi ndale.

Kuchilango cha Kudera

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mawu a ulimi makampani zamagetsi lonse analenga kuposa ulimi wa mafuta, mafuta ndi zipangizo mchere yaiwisi pafupifupi 4.5 zina, mankhwala ndi mapulasitiki - 3 zina voliyumu ya katundu - nthawi 2.5, kupanga magetsi ndi mpweya - oposa 2 zina. Osachepera zikuwoneka zabwino ndi masamu mtengo-mphamvu ya zamagetsi m'mayiko otukuka:

• kukula kugunda gawo katatu kuposa kukula GDP;
• pafupifupi payback ntchito - zaka 2-3;
• wina ndalama dollar amalola kulandira kwa $ 100 mu chomaliza mankhwala;
• 1 makilogalamu a zigawo zikuluzikulu Chip ndi matani oposa 100;
• kulenga munthu kuntchito makampani zamagetsi kumabweretsa chilengedwe cha ntchito anayi m'mafakitale ena.

N'chifukwa chiyani kukhala zamagetsi

Zochokera zinachitikira atsogoleri a dziko, akhoza amanena kuti chitukuko cha mafakitale zamagetsi zimabweretsa zotsatira integral, akutali monga mafakitale. Imalimbikitsa kukula kwa mankhwala zina zamakono, kutukula mpikisano ndi mlingo njira zamakono computer, zida ndi Azamlengalenga, ndege, zomangamanga, kuyenda panjira, makina ndi zipangizo zina.

Buku la ulimi wa zigawo zikuluzikulu zamakono wakhala pang'ono ayamba kuzindikira patsogolo m'madera ambiri zingamuthandize - Azamlengalenga ndi mafakitale zamakono, Makina ndi zipangizo, etc ..

Makampani zamagetsi la Russia ndi Belarus

Zikuonekeratu kuti asafike kwa ndondomeko izi lonse sakanakhoza ndi m'mayiko Soviet Union. Kuika patsogolo chitukuko cha magetsi ndi palibe malo zochepa wotchuka - microelectronics, monga "mfundo za kukula" wa zachuma ndi chitetezo cha dziko, anali chifukwa cha ntchito olowa mkati mwa chimango cha boma Union.

Chikhazikitso cha mgwirizano ndi kusankha bwino ntchito mu microelectronics chitsitsimutso monga gawo patsogolo mafakitale ndi kulenga zipangizo zatsopano michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi pa Chirasha Chibelarusi mchitidwe ofotokoza zikuluzikulu za mapulogalamu Union anaika "microsystems", "Base", "Pramen".

National zamagetsi makampani walandira mphamvu ndi: anayamba ambiri mitundu mbali ya mankhwala zimagwirira ntchito-apadera microelectronic, ndi zogwirizana mfundo lonse. Mu 2013, anamaliza ntchito ina yaikulu ndi nawo akatswiri ndi asayansi a m'mayiko athu - pulogalamu "Design ndi chitukuko cha mndandanda wa madera Integrated ndi zipangizo michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi kwa zipangizo zina zapadera ndipo wapawiri-ntchito". bajeti ya mbali Russian akufotokozera kuchuluka kwa miliyoni 975 rubles Russian, Belarus - miliyoni 525.

posachedwa m'tsogolo

Tikayang'ana ayambe zikusintha msika zoweta zigawo pakompyuta, kuchuluka chidwi ndi thandizo lochokera ku mabungwe a boma Malipoti, kukhala wokangalika ntchito. Iwo wakhala weniweni ndi zoonekeratu kuti zikubwera m'tsogolo chitukuko cha microelectronics posachedwapa. Kuthetsa Ntchito yaikulu mwa zigawo nyumba kwa chitukuko cha osiyanasiyana yaitali ndi kuzindikira zipangizo zamagetsi, kachitidwe, zogona, ntchito mafakitale ndi wapadera, monga kuwonongedwa kwa makampani dziko zamagetsi ku imports ndiponso kuchuluka kwa a umatha katundu.

Mwa njira, za kufunika kulenga ndi kukhala umisiri zoweta mu microelectronics Russian Academician K. A. Valiev anati mu 2000s oyambirira. Iye anavomereza Komabe, kuti sichinthu chapafupi, ndipo akhoza kuthamanga kokha pamene pali wapadera zamakono zamakono zipangizo. Zofunika chuma ndi kayendetsedwe ka gulu kuthandiza microelectronics amatha zikhudze mapulogalamu amene kufalitsidwa pa mlingo boma.

Kuteteza Mama

Pankhani dera nkhondo, ndi microelectronics mkulu-mwatsatanetsatane ali owerengedwa pano nthawi yaitali. Today tingalankhule za chilengedwe cha masiku a pakompyuta-chigawo m'munsi kwa kupanga njira kwambiri bwino chitetezo. Latsopano michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi zipangizo ndi madera akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito oposa zana la zitsanzo atsopano a zida. m'madera Main ntchito:

• Rada;
• odana ndi ndege machitidwe zida, kuphatikizapo odziwika C-400 ndi C-500 anayamba;
• machitidwe a nkhondo a pakompyuta: ndi yimitsira wa kusokonezedwa, kudutsana, wailesi yimitsira.

Kukhazikika bwino pakati ogula la Russian asilikali mafakitale zovuta, kamangidwe latsopano ndi njira zamakono ndi kufanizitsa wa IC, okhala latsopano la Russia kuonetsetsa kudalirika mkulu ndi kupezeka kwa zipangizo zinthu cheza kuchuluka, walitsa ndi neutrons, Popanga madzi a gamma ndi X-ray dzuwa, mu atomu zimachitika. specifications amenewa ndi deta ndi zofunika kwambiri kachitidwe zida zamagetsi kulamulira ndi luso asilikali danga, kachitidwe kulamulira ndi kuonetsetsa zomera chitetezo.

flagships wa microelectronic

Kuti akonze luso mkulu-mwandondomeko yotereyi, zida ndi ECB chipangizo, kunali koyenera kugwirizanitsa zoyesayesa malo kafukufuku ndi flagships wa microelectronics mu Russia ndi Belarus. Choncho pulogalamu "Basic" ndi sitepe yotsatira polenga umisiri watsopano.

Total mu kukhazikitsa monga asangalatsi waukulu ndi othandiza ndi 40 mabungwe kafukufuku ndi mabizinezi mafakitale. The katundu waukulu microelectronic zigawo-kawiri-chigawo m'munsi ndi cholinga chapadera - Chibelarusi OJSC "yofunika". Kumbali Russian ndi ndodo mwachangu, kutsogolera pa chilengedwe cha mankhwala zina zamakono pa maziko a zamagetsi zamakono anatenga gulu la makampani "Micron" - waukulu ku positi osoka Microelectronics, gawo la kumalo mafakitale OJSC "RTI".

JSC "Micron" - kampani ndi pafupifupi kwa zaka mbiri, mtsogoleri njira zamakono makampani Russian michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi. Pali lero chinkhoswe mu kafukufuku, chitukuko, kupanga ndi kugulitsa madera Integrated, kuphatikizapo katundu. Mu 2012, izo anapezerapo malire atsopano kwa kupanga microchips ndi mlingo topological 90 nm. Anthu ndi mabungwe a boma bungweli RUSNANO ndi European STMicroelectronics chiphona.

Science ndi Makampani

The zamagetsi makampani N'zosatheka kafukufuku wa sayansi. Kholo kampani "Micron" zopatsidwa ndi wozengereza akonzedwa mwatsatanetsatane za R & D (kafukufuku, chitukuko komanso), zimene zimamuthandiza 15 waukulu Russian makampani wailesi-amagetsi.

Kapangidwe ka R & D zovuta zikuphatikizapo kafukufuku ndi 26 ntchito kupanga 54 gawo mitundu ya zigawo inatha-m'malo pakompyuta ndi digiri yapamwamba ya kaphatikizidwe, yeniyeni kwambiri ndi makhalidwe zinchito. Makamaka, "Micron" zochimwazo kumathetsa kuipidwa ya mavuto, mmodzi amene anadzipereka kwa Kukonza ndi kukhazikitsa VLSI microprocessor ndi ophatikizidwa opaleshoni dongosolo makadi anzeru ndi zikalata amagetsi.

afterword

Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti posachedwapa mkulu khalidwe microelectronics makampani asilikali ndipo ena mabizinezi zoweta sali msangamsanga kwa kugulitsa zida danga. Choncho, ntchito yaikulu posachedwapa mu kukhazikitsa ma njira m'makalata - kukhazikitsa yojambula zamakono m'tsogolo.