Mtundu wa zomera: mndandanda (kalasi 3). Mitundu ya zomera zamkati: mndandanda, chithunzi

Dziko lapansili lapadziko lapansi ndilosiyana kwambiri. Sayansi yomwe imayang'ana iyo imatchedwa botany. Ana ayamba kuwerengera ku sukulu ya pulayimale.

Botany ndi sayansi yowonjezera yomwe imatilola kulingalira za kayendedwe kabwino ka mbeu, kugawikana kukhala maufumu, madera, makalasi, malamulo, mabanja ndi mitundu. Chipangidwe ichi chimatchedwa chikhalidwe. Kukonzekera kwa mgwirizano wogwirizana wa chomera, dziko lake linapangidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Cholinga chofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha zomera chinapangidwa ndi Carl Linnaeus. Ntchito yathu ndi kuganizira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera (mndandanda). Gulu lachitatu la sukulu ya pulayimale - ino ndiyo nthawi imene ana akuphunzira mwakhama zomera. M'mabuku ophunzirira a pulogalamu ya maphunziro, zotsatirazi zikuperekedwa:

• Algae;
• Mossy;
• Ferns;
• Chithunzi;
• Maluwa.

Magulu akuluakulu a zomera

Gawo lapamwamba la zomera mu magulu ndi chifukwa cha malo, chikhalidwe, njira zoberekera. Magulu onse omwe ali pansipa ali ndi zomera zomwe zimayimilidwa.

Algae ndi zamoyo zomwe zilibe mizu, masamba, zimayambira. Malo awo okhala ndi madzi. Chiwerengero cha mitundu ya algae chiri mkati mwa zikwi 35. Mitundu ina ya algae:

• Makina opanga nyanja: Elodea Canada, American Valliseries;
• Algae wobiriwira: chlamydomonada, chlorella, miraclester, kowlerpa, kladofora;
• Zolemba zogulitsa zizindikiro: zobiriwira za euglena, ficus, usiku, dinofizis norwegian, peridinella, propocentrum yaying'ono;
• Red algae: Moss wa ku Ireland, wotsekemera bedi, porphyry lanceolate, gigartine, phyllophora, polyneur;
• Algae Brown: fucus, spongesia phalamodi, macrocystis, sargassum, laminaria, cystoseira.

Mosses ndi zomera zomwe zili ndi tsinde ndi masamba, koma mulibe mizu. Kubala kwawo kuli kudzera mwa spores. Madzi amakula m'madera othunzi, pafupi ndi madzi, nthawi zina m'madzi. Pafupifupi, pali zoposa 5000 zomera za mtundu umenewu.

Mafamu ndi zomera zomwe zili ndi mizu, tsinde ndi masamba. Amakula m'madera othunzi omwe ali ndi chinyezi chachikulu. Kubalana - ndi zifukwa. Chiwerengero cha mtundu wa fern ndi zikwi zisanu ndi zinayi. Nazi maina a mtundu wa fern: nthiwatiwa, nthenda, osmunda wachifumu, salvinia akuyandama, azolla carolina, gulu lachikazi, chishango cha amuna, amuna kumpoto, medina scabbina, mphungu wamba.

Coniferous. Zomera zimakula m'nkhalango, zili ndi mizu, zimayambira. Mbali yapadera ya conifers ndi kukhalapo kwa singano. Pafupifupi pali mitundu 600 ya zomera za coniferous. Tiyeni titchule zina: pine, spruce, fir, mkungudza, juniper, thuja, yew.

Maluwa. Zomera zomwe zili ndi mizu, tsinde, tsamba, maluwa ndi zipatso. Zimaphatikizapo mitengo, zitsamba ndi udzu. Poganizira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera, chiwerengero cha mitundu yoposa maina 350,000. Nazi ena mwa iwo: poplar, acacia, peony, rose, dandelion, hawthorn, jasmine, quince, weigel, hibiscus, udzu wa mkungudza, kachilombo kosaoneka bwino, udzu wa timothy, nsomba, pike, whitefish, tirigu, mapira, chimanga, zoyera, nyemba.

Mitundu ya zomera. Lembani ku Russia

Kwa malo alionse pali mitundu yambiri ya zomera, mndandanda wa zomwe tidzakambilanso. Zinthu zakuthambo, chivundikiro cha nthaka, zochitika zakale, zochitika zaumunthu ndizo zomwe zimakhudza chodabwitsa cha zomera zam'mlengalenga. Zonsezi ziyenera kuganiziridwa pazomwezi.

Taganizirani za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera za Russian Federation. Poganizira kukula kwa gawoli, n'zotheka kusiyanitsa mitundu ingapo ya malo omera ku Russia, omwe ali ndi mitundu ina ya zomera. Mndandanda (sukulu yachitatu ya sukulu ya sukulu) ingapezekanso mu bukhuli pa botani.

Mitundu yaikulu ya zomera ku Russia ndi monga:

• Mtundu wa Tundra, waukulu omwe amaimira zomera zomwe zimakhala zomera zobiriwira, jagel, cowberry, madzi, partridge grass, cassiopeia, birch, mapiri, polar poppy, Arctic bluegrass;
• Mtengo wa nkhalango, womwe umaimiridwa ndi spruce, fir, mkungudza, pine, birch, thundu, mapulo;
• Mtundu wamtunduwu, womwe umadziwika ndi kukula kwa udzu;
• Mtundu wa chipululu, omwe amaimira zomera ndizowawa ndi mchere wamchere;
• Mitengo ya zomera, zomera zomwe zimayimiridwa ndi zinyama zowonongeka: buttercake zokwawa, njenjete yamunda, udzu wouluka wothamanga, udzu wofiira , mkungudza, dandelion, nsalu, carp.
• Mtundu wa Marsh, womwe umadziwika ndi zomera zowonda.

"Palet" ya vegetative ya ku Russia, monga momwe tikuonera, ndi yaikulu kwambiri. M'madera osiyanasiyana, mitundu ya zomera, mndandanda umene poyamba uli wofunikira, muzowonjezereka amachulukitsa kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kummwera, koma m'mapululu amachepetsedwa chifukwa cha nyengo, kuchokera kumapiri a mapiri akuwonjezeka.

Kulima zomera

Kuyambira nthawi zakale, zomera zapadziko lapansi zapangidwa popanda kuthandizidwa mwachindunji, motero, maluwa onse ndi udzu zinali zakutchire. Kukula kwaumunthu kunatsimikiza kuti akufunikira kulima nthaka ndikukula zomera zokhala ndi zofuna zake. Pogwira ntchito ya anthu, zomera zinasintha, zinalandira makhalidwe atsopano. Choncho, chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chinapezeka kuti, kuchokera ku Latin, amatanthauza "kulima", "kukonzedwa" zomera zomwe zimakula kuti zibweretse chakudya, mankhwala, chakudya, ndi zina. Chinthu chosiyana kwambiri cha zomera zomwe zimalidwa ndikuti amakula mosasamala malo omwe amachokera Ndipo sangathe kudzibala okha.

Masiku ano, minda yambiri yamtunduwu imapezeka kumtunda mwa kubereketsa kapena kupanga zamoyo. Chikhalidwe cha maluwa ndi mitengo zimagawanika monga tirigu, kupota, masamba, zipatso, zokongola. Ganizirani za chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe, mndandanda wa mitundu.

• Mitengo ya tirigu ndi minda, yomwe imapangidwa ndi tirigu, yogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya, zipangizo zamakampani, chakudya cha nyama. Mitundu yayikulu ya mbewu za tirigu ndi tirigu, rye, balere, oats, mpunga, mapira, manyuchi, buckwheat.
• Zowonongeka ndizo zomwe zimapangidwira makampani opangira nsalu. Mitundu yayikulu ya zomera zopota: fulakesi, dolgunets, thonje, jute, hemp, kapok, kenaf, crotalia, sisal, fukreya.
• Zomera zimabzalidwa kuti zibale zipatso. Amayi akuluakulu: phwetekere, tsabola, biringanya, physalis, kabichi, kohlrabi, watercress, radish, dzungu, mavwende, vwende, nkhaka, kaloti, beet, katsabola katsabola, anyezi, adyo.
• Mitengo ya zipatso ndi zomera zomwe zimabala chipatso. Ndiwo: lalanje, mandimu, mphesa, nthochi, avocado, mango, makangaza, mphesa, amondi, mtengo wa kokonati, azitona, sitiroberi, jamu, currant.
• Mitengo yokongoletsera ndi zomera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zokongoletsera ndi zokongoletsera zipinda, malo opumulira munthu. Mitundu ya zomera zokongola ndi: mthethe, barberry, magnolia, lilac, thuja, boxwood, juniper, rose, peony, carnation.

Mitengo yokongola ndi yokongola ya zomera. Mndandanda, zithunzi za zitsanzo zingaoneke m'buku la sukulu. Izi zikuphatikizaponso maluwa a kunyumba.

Mtundu wa zomera (mndandanda wa nyumba za nyumba) umaphatikizapo komanso ngati mtengo. M'munsimu, zigawo zazikulu za zokongoletsera zidzatchulidwa.

Zomera monga zomera

Mitengo imeneyi ndi yayitali, yoonda, yopapatiza ndi mitolo ya masamba. Izi zimaphatikizapo nthumwi monga ayr mildew, shaman arundinaria, Japanese ophiopoda, chlorophytum, bilberries akudumpha, wokongola vallota, thillandsia woyera.

Pali mitundu yina ya zomera zamkati. Mndandanda udzafotokozedwa pansipa.

Mitengo ya bushy

Chitsamba Chomera ndi zomera zomwe zimayambira kukula. Mtundu wa bushy: peperomy, Japanese aucuba, achymene, begonia, hypocorticum wamaliseche, koleus, arrowroot, sawy.

Zomera zomwe zimakhazikika zimayambira

Zomera zomwe zimakhazikika zimakhala ndi zimango zowongoka zomwe zimakula mozungulira ndege, yomwe ili ndi mapiri osiyana. Oimira: gulu la nyamakazi, gulu la Strausa, Noctoktus, leninghaus, trichocereus woyera, felandra, codoeum, laurel, ficus, bokarneya, diffenbachia, dracaena, pandanus, yucca.

Lianas ndi zomera za ampelian

Liana ndi zomera za ampel zimakhala ndi zimbudzi zambiri, zomwe zimawathandiza kukula ndi kukongoletsa. Oimira: ivy, scindapsus, ficus, fittonia, spinner, columbine, zigacactus.

Zomera za Rosette

Mitengo ya Rosette ili ndi tsinde lafupika, lomwe limapangitsa kuti anthu asamapangidwe kwambiri ndi internodes ndipo amatsimikizira kuti masamba ozungulira amakhala osakanikirana nthawi imodzi. Ukulu wa zomera zoterozo ndizosafunikira. Oimira: gloxinia, primula, saintpolia (Uzumbara violet), kutsika pang'ono.

Zomera zamphepete

Mitengo yozungulira imadziwika ndi kusowa kwa masamba ndi mtundu wapadera wa tsinde. Choyamba, zimaphatikizapo cacti. Zitsanzo za zomera zotere: astrophytum, mammillaria, parody, rebecia, ferocactus, Grisons echinocactus.