Mitundu ya ngongole - kugwiritsa ntchito yeniyeni ya kafukufuku wa sayansi

Kufunika kwa mitundu ina ubale udindo chifukwa cha ayi amafuna mwangwiro maphunziro. Akatswiri malamulo timakonda amakhulupirira kuti mitundu ya udindo ndi chidwi zothandiza, umalimbana ndi kumasulira bwino ndi chitetezo ogwira ufulu wa nzika ubale malamulo payekha. Ndipo kotero ayenera kufufuza mozama mitundu awo.

Mitundu ya kudzipereka allocated kuti malamulo a mayikowo

Panthawi imeneyi malamulo a boma ukugawa maubwenzi anu onse udindo m'magulu awiri yotakata - kumatenda ndi zolimbana. Ponena woyamba amene anganene kuti anafuna kupereka chithandizo cha za malamulo kuti ngongole zonse mu ulemu umene zipani kanthu malinga ndi malamulo mfundo inayake.

Koma alonda umalimbana kapewedwe ndi / kapena yimitsira a ntchito za magulu, kuzemba kapena mwachindunji amakana kukwaniritsa udindo wawo timakhala malamulo payekha. Pankhaniyi, chitetezo pa kuchita mbali imodzi ya nkhani ya boma. Izi ndi gulu loyamba, malangizo operekedwa.

Gulu lachiwiri chimasiyanitsa komanso mitundu iwiri - osakhala contractual ndi contractual. Pankhaniyi kusankha limapezeka pa maziko a chifuniro yogwira zipani. Izi zikusonyeza kuti pa kuti panali udindo contractual, m'pofunika osati kuli lamulo, komanso mgwirizano mbali pa ntchito yake. Pankhani udindo sanali contractual chifuniro yogwira zipani Sikuti, zokwanira pansi pa malamulo a chakuti malamulo - delict, monga patsogolo osalungama. Komabe, kachiwiri, mitundu onse akhoza m'malo ndi kale anagonjera: alonda zogwirizana udindo sanali contractual, ndi zolimbana - ndi panganolo. Tikumbukenso kuti ndi maudindo contractual wa sayansi ya malamulo a mayikowo anayamba kupanga ndi anayambitsa "maudindo wotetezedwa" M'gululi makamaka njira sanali boma kuteteza kuphwanya kwawo.

Gulu wachitatuwu ukugawa kudzipereka ndi chiwerengero cha mbali:

- unilateral - imene chipani chimodzi chokha amangidwa ndi zofuna zawo kukwaniritsa zimene analonjeza;

- amgwirizano kapena Multilaterial - imene zipani ayamikire awo chakuchimwira ntchito mzake.

Kudulidwa lachinayi kumadalira pa mfundo za Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa phunziro:

- olemekezeka udindo - wamangawa ndi amalamulidwa kugwira zochita zolaula pa udindo wa;

- zina - ndi ngongole ndi kupatsidwa mwayi kusankha zochita kuchita;

- optional - ndi wamangawa ndi mu ofikira okha ngati amakwaniritsa zofuna zofunikira ndipo anadza zinthu zina chifukwa kutsatira.

Gawo lachisanu adzagawana mu udindo pamoyo, mungachitepo ndi chowonjezera. Kuweta ndi mwachindunji nkhani ya mgwirizano. Koma udindo sekondale imatsogoleredwa zimatsimikizira kukwaniritsidwa pankhani ya pansi mgwirizano. Pankhani mungachitepo Kuyenera kudziŵika kuti akuimira kuthekera wokongolayo kuti akwaniritse udindo wake ndi lachitatu maphwando.

Mitundu udindo chimafotokozera za asayansi

maloya ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito gulu operekedwa mu lamulo payekha. Komabe, ena mwa iwo amapereka ndi zina mapanganowo.

Choncho, S.I.Asknazy ndi MM Agarkov kupereka kwa m'kagulu mfundo za chuma ubwino, kuiwala mfundo yakuti si kudzipereka onse zimamangidwa pa chilango.

koma Os Ioffe monga mbali yaikulu ya mtundu akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito zingwe chinthu akuchitira mapangano gulu.

Choncho, kumvetsetsa kwabasi mitundu udindo amapereka malamulo malamulo payekha. Ndipo ndi akugwiritsa ntchito ndizosowa kudzipereka sayansi zikubweretsa kuphedwa awo.