Mtsinje wa Panama: chaka cha kutsegulira malowa ndi zofunikira za mbiri yakale

Kuyambira kale, anthu akuyesera kubwezeretsa chikhalidwe cha dziko lapansi kuti apindule. Chinthu chimodzi chotsitsimutsa ndi Panama Canal, chaka cha kutsegulidwa kwa malowa chinadziwika ndi chochitika chomwe chinakhudza chitukuko cha zombo zonse mu gawo lino ladziko, ngakhale zovuta za zomangamanga.

Mtsinje wa Panama

Thupi la madzi lopangidwa mochititsa chidwi lili ku Central America. Njirayo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mgwirizano pakati pa malire a nyanja ya Atlantic ndi nyanja ya Caribbean. Kutalika kwa chigwacho pamadzi akuya ndi pafupifupi 82 km, ndipo m'lifupi ndi 150 mamita, pamene ngalawa zimadutsa pachipata katatu, kenako zimalowa mu Gatun. Komanso, atadutsa masitepe ena pang'ono ndi Miraflores (malo osungirako madzi), magalimoto amachoka m'nyanja. Njira yonseyi ndi Panama Canal, chaka cha kutsegulidwa kwake ndi chikwi chimodzi ndi mazana asanu ndi awiri.

Ntchito yomanga nyumba imeneyi inali yofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale mgwirizano wa zachuma pakati pa mayiko a Central America, komanso malo ozungulira. Msewu umaloleza kuti apititse zotengera zazikulu zotere, monga zonyamulira zitsulo ndi zombo, motero amasungidwa makilomita oposa 10 000 m'njira. Ntchito yothandizira imagwiritsidwa ntchito yapadera, nthawi yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa gawo lonse ili pafupifupi maola 9.

Kumanga kwakukulu

Phukusi la Panama, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa, linatsimikizira kuti malingaliro a anthu ambiri a m'zaka za zana la 19, adayamba mbiri yake kumapeto kwa 1882, pamene kumangidwanso kwake kunayamba. Anayang'aniridwa ndi katswiri wamkulu wa ku France - Count Ferdinant de Lesseps, yemwe panthawiyo anali ndi mwayi woika Suez Canal bwinobwino.

Kampani yoika madzi mumtsinjewo inakambidwa ku International Congress mu 1879 ku France, kenako idalandira chilolezo kuchokera ku boma la Colombia kwa zaka 99. Ntchitoyi inachokera ku ngongole ya olembetsa, ndipo mtengo wa gawo limodzi ndi 500 francs.

Monga akatswiri a mbiri yakale amanenera, Earl F. de Lesseps anali nthumwi yokhala ndi luso komanso wokamba nkhani, koma chilengedwe chake chotsirizira - Panama Canal (chaka chotsatira chomwe tatchula pamwambapa) - chinali ndi zotsatira zomvetsa chisoni kwa iye, mwinamwake chifukwa cha mtengo wapadera wa polojekitiyo. Pofuna kukopa chiwerengero cha anthu ochita malonda, injiniyo inapereka ziwerengero zomwe zinali zochepa, zomwe mwachibadwa sizikanatha koma zimakhudza kupititsa patsogolo ntchito.

Panama Scam

Pambuyo pa kuyambira kwachidwi kwa polojekiti, bwanayo adayenera kudutsa nthawi zambiri zosasangalatsa. Ndalama zinalibe kusowa, chifukwa ngongole yoyamba siinatenge gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a ndalama zomwe zinakonzedweratu. Kugwira manja sikunali kochulukitsa, kuphatikizapo mkhalidwe wosakhazikika komanso mliri woopsa wa malungo, typhus ndi kamwazi zinatengera anthu kutali. Chiyembekezocho chinali chofooka, ndipo ngati wina anamufunsa funso lakuti: "Itanani chaka cha kutsegulidwa kwa Canal Canal?" - ndithudi injiniya sangathe kupereka yankho.

Banja la Lesseps linayesa kuthetsa vutoli, ndipo ntchitoyi idasinthidwa mothandizidwa ndi katswiri wina dzina lake F. Byano-Varille, yemwe analimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zipika. Wopanga wotchuka A. Eifel nayenso amatchedwa, koma atatha zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zokha, ntchito ziwiri zokha ndi zisanu zokha zinatha. Kuti apitirize ntchitoyi, ngongole zinatulutsidwa zomwe sizinafunikire chilolezo kwa akuluakulu a boma, koma boma la T. Roosevelt ndi a Chamber of Deputies sanagwirizane ndi ntchitoyi.

Pambuyo pake, mu 1892, chiwonongeko chinafalikira padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo atsogoleri a ntchito yomanga Isthmus adatsutsidwa. Chiwerengero cha de Lesseps chinamasulidwa ku ndende chifukwa cha ukalamba, ndipo mwana wake - Lesseps wamng'ono, mtumiki, mamembala angapo ndi A. Eifel anaweruzidwa mosiyana.

Chaka cha kutsegulidwa kwa Panama Canal chinali chifukwa chodziwika ndi dzina la Lesseps, dzina lake linachotsedwa chifukwa cha chinyengo. Nthawi inatsimikizira kuti munthu wamkuluyu anali ndi zolinga ndi mfundo zopanda dyera.