Kuweta makampani - kuti m'pofunika? Katundu njuchi. njuchi maphunziro

Creation mu 1814 Russian mlimi P. I. Prokopovichem chimango njuchi kunatheka ntchito mu mchitidwe zomveka njira njuchi m'ndende. Otsatirawa kuchokera zoyambirira za m'ma 19, Kutulukira uchi yokumba (I. Mehring, Germany) ndi Sola (F. Hruska, Czech Republic) anatsegula njira njuchi mafakitale.

A mwachidule mbiri

M'zaka pafupi mazana, chimango njuchi potsiriza atathamangitsidwa bolodi, sitimayo ndi chisa mabokosi. Kupititsa patsogolo njira zamakono ndi luso nawo mu sayansi kwambiri AM Butlerov, alimi-okonda I. E. Shavrov, S. K. Krasnoperov.

Mu Russia, mafakitale njuchi anatuluka ngati woima nthambi ya zikomo ulimi khama la walunthayu kulinganiza zinthu, mtolankhani komanso mphunzitsi Abraham Evlampievich Titova - ". Malonda njuchi" tate ndi yaitali mkonzi wa Anauziridwa ndi zolemba ndi chitsanzo cha pchelopromyshlennika America ndi kutsogolera Amosi Muzu, mu 1911 m'mudzi m'chigawo Borshchagovka Kiev Titov maziko a ufumu choyamba mu njuchi-nazale. Pamaso pa October kuukira boma panali 200 mayanjano njuchi, panali 15 periodicals apadera.

Achinyamata Soviet Republic Abram Evlampievich anapitiriza kufufuza ndi kupanga zinthu monga mutu wa Izmailovo njuchi experimental. Malinga ndi polojekiti 1929 ku Far East, woyamba njuchi munda wakhala analenga. Mu zaka wotsatira, makampani amenewa, anayamba ntchito yawo ku Central Asia, Kabardino-Balkaria, mu Kuban.

zikuchitika

Njira yabwino bwanji makampani kugwa kwa Soviet Union. Ziphona minda ndi boma ndi makampani mafakitale kunatha. Njuchi makampani mu Russia nkomwe bwinobwino pansi, koma amphamvu ndipo kwathunthu ntchito pamene n'zosatheka kunena.

Pakufunikira kusintha chitetezo malamulo ndi kupangidwa kwa zikuluzikulu utsogoleri lamulo. Pali kuchepa kwa anthu ogwira kwambiri oyenerera njuchi, ogwira ndi Ngopambana osirira amene kupuma moyo watsopano mu makampani.

Akufunikira watsopano kwakukulu kwa chuma ndi luso m'munsi. Ntchito malo owetera ayenera kukhala zotheka makina ndi makina, kuti ndithudi amadza zabwino kuwonjezeka mabuku kupanga ndi mpikisano mankhwala Russian njuchi pa dziko msika. Dziko lili ndi mphamvu ndi chuma chawo kuti adzawathamangitsa makampani zimphona: US, Australia, Canada.

Kukula nkhani?

Pokhapokha ngati lonse ndi osiyana ndi njuchi zofufuzafufuza malonda? Monga kupanga chilichonse, cholinga chake chachikulu chimene linanena bungwe pazipita katundu chofunika khalidwe (uchi ndi mankhwala ofanana) ndi chuma ndipo nthawi ndalama zochepa. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri utithandize profitability ndi kukula - specialization ndi ndende.

Ndende zikutanthauza minda njuchi kutambasuka kwa miyeso momwe akadakwanitsira. Opindulitsa munda ayenera muli osachepera madera 500 njuchi.

Specialization ndi chimafotokozera zone nyengo:

• Zigawo kum'mwera kwa dzikoli - razvedencheskoe malangizo (yobereka phukusi njuchi, mfumukazi).
• Far East, Urals District - uchi (uchi, phula).
• Far North - kubereketsa zomera (mungu mbewu mu greenhouses maofesi), ndipo ena.

Komanso, madera onse a unyolo ndondomeko (chuma ndi zipangizo, nyumba, njira ndi luso) zagonjetsedwa kwa okhwima standardization ndi yogwirizanitsa. Mu njira zambiri, kupambana kwa ogwira amadalira kusankha olondola a njuchi zimasokoneza ndi zipatso kuswana. Relations "munthu - njuchi" kwathunthu kulivomereza, palibe angathe "mawu" - kokha nkhani bizinesi.

njuchi zone chitukuko

Kuyambira phunziro ndi kudziwa buku angathe madera gwero uchi, kugula ake, kusankha olondola a m'madera a specialization wa chuma zimadalira profitability ake ndi chitukuko bwino.

Nkhalango za Tatarstan, Bashkortostan ndi Primorsky Gawo ali waukulu uchi mbewu zosiyana mitundu ya limes. Mu zaka yabwino kwambiri medosbor angafikire ku makilogalamu 20 pa banja. Mu nkhalango wosanganiza ndi dambo udzu European Russia njuchi angathe kupatsa makilogalamu 3 uchi patsiku m'madera kum'mwera mbewu buckwheat, attar zikhalidwe - 6 makilogalamu. Forage m'munsi m'dera ayenera kuonetsetsa osati uchi zosonkhanitsira, komanso nthawi ya chitukuko kwambiri ndi kuwongola mphamvu banja.

Yekha uchi chuma musalole kukhala njuchi pamlingo mafakitale. Kodi m'pofunika kusintha makhalidwe?

mafakitale luso njuchi

The ntchito njira zapamwamba za kuswana njuchi n'chotheka mu apiaries lalikulu (mabanja 500), kumene ntchito mechanization adzabweretsa zotsatira chogwirika. Wamphamvu kwambiri dongosolo lonse la minda njuchi lagawidwa mayunitsi chuma (500-600 ming'oma) ndipo aliyense atathana ndi wothandizira woyenera, kuonetsetsa popanga zipangizo ndi zida (mlimi suti, fodya, ndi chisel, etc ..). Pambuyo wintering ndi kuyeretsedwa flyby njuchi ikuchitika pamaziko a unit processing chachikulu ndi kutengeka pa ziphuphu masika (palibe ming'oma oposa 100 pa mfundo). Pa chapakati malo likhoza kukonza Unit (anthu 2-3) ndiponso kutumikira bwino kupanga zida ndi zipangizo njuchi.

Pakuti onse a njuchi ndi limodzi dongosolo chisamaliro gulu ndi chepetse chiwerengero cha mayeso pa nyengo. SRI njuchi akatswiri kuchita zotsatirazi ntchito osachepera (mabanja poyamba limagwirizana mphamvu kupereka pachilichonse):

• Spring anayendera ndiponso kudyetsa njuchi
• mapangidwe cuttings,
• atakhala masitolo kapena nyumba zina,
• Kusankha uchi malonda, kudula mipata,
• pokonzekera yozizira.

Kukhazikitsa tsiku kufufuza 10-20 yekha madera njuchi njuchi, ganizirani umboni wa ulamuliro mng'oma. Kusankha njuchi maziko olimba amakonda zochepa roylivoy kwambiri waphindu ndi ambiri ndinazolowera zinkachitika m'deralo.

Pa nyengo, bungwe osachepera 3-4 mayendedwe njuchi ku maluwa m'mayiko melliferous kuonjezera profitability.

Zofunika ndi luso m'munsi

Pakuti chapakati munda anasankha dera zomangamanga, ndi misewu yabwino mwayi. nyumba Farm (dera lalikulu kupanga sotohranilische, winterer) adzaikidwe mu view ntchito mosavuta, zida ndi ndiziwunda galimoto komanso zipangizo kukweza. Mphamvu ya galimoto ndipo thalakitala Park ayenera kupereka kampani zofuna mu zoyendera munda.

Pamene okonzeka ndi njuchi ikufotokozanso za kusankha ming'oma. Iwo ayenera kukhala ndi miyeso muyezo ndi zinthu mosinthana (nyumba, masitolo, mafelemu kwa ming'oma). Kufunika kwa kapangidwe amphamvu ndi opepuka chimene chingathe kupirira mobwerezabwereza akuchitira mwai pa akuchitira ndi migrations.

Zedi lamanja anagula zida njuchi, zipangizo makina ikukoka uchi, zida voskopererabatyvayuschee (makina, centrifuges, nthunzi magudumu). Bungwe lomwe ukalipentala shopu ndi makina abwino ndi akatswiri kudya kubwerera pa ndalama.

Mwatsoka, mankhwala ambiri njuchi, anapereka pa msika lero ndi achikale. Nthawi zambiri, akatswiri makampani sadziwa remodel ndi Sinthani zipangizo alipo. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito yokonza misa uchi-shuga ntchito mafakitale chiwiya chako chokandiramo ufa makina kwa yopereka madzi - Machitidwe ogwirizira pyatidesyatiramochnaya Sola, etc ...

bungwe ntchito

Pa lalikulu njuchi ogwira yafalikira yachigawo njira imene aliyense wa malo owetera, okhala ku mabanja 500 1000, ndodo antchito a anthu 2-6 ndi wotetezedwa. akatswiri aluso ndi ozindikira yoikidwiratu wotsogolera gulu ndi ndalama. Ndi bwino kumapeto mitundu iwiri ya ntchito:

• ntchito mogwirizana. Pamene tikugwira ntchito zikuluzikulu (thiransipoti njuchi, uchi ikukoka) kwa ntchito ndi khalidwe ntchito mayunitsi kuphatikiza khama.
• Kudulidwa kwa ntchito. Aliyense wogwira ntchito ku automatism amanyamula kuchita ndondomeko iliyonse (mwachitsanzo, likunka mafelemu olimba) - amapanga pang'ono tcheru. Kuti bwino, aliyense ulalo walembedwa malamulo ndi okhwima mlandu wa linanena bungwe, consumables ndi zida. Advantageously amachita kaphatikizidwe kudzinenera ndi ntchito (mlimi yoyendetsa thalakita; mlimi - joiner, etc.).

makampani Njuchi Sindingachite popanda maphunziro zonse ndi retraining cha anthu. Kupanga maphunziro - kwambiri yolankhulira angwiro. Ikuchitikira m'nyengo yozizira nyama akuluakulu kasamalidwe wokonza ndi nkhani ya aphunzitsi ku sukulu zapadera.

Nthaŵi alemba ntchito gulu la ophunzira mu njira njuchi (makalasi ongolankhula ndi mchitidwe) kuti ulimi Academy. Timiryazev Academy of Ukadaulo Wazamoyo. Scriabin (Moscow) pa Perm Pedagogical University Pskov Agronomy College.

Mitundu ya mankhwala ndi nkhani malonda

Zotsatira za ntchito makampani, timasonyeza kuti kuwonjezera kupanga pali mavuto ambiri a zachuma.

80% ya minda kulandira ndalama za malonda a uchi malonda, za mankhwala akhala kuyambira nthawi zakale. Sera kufunika monga chuma yaiwisi mu zitsulo, utoto ndi kusindikiza mafakitale, koma gawo mkango wa mankhwala (70%) amagwanso makampani mu mawonekedwe a uchi yokumba.

nkhokwe chapadera cha makampani profitability bodza mu chitukuko cha umisiri kwa yosungirako ndiponso pokonza wa phula, mungu, njuchi njoka ndi mungu, achifumu odzola ndi homogenate drone mphutsi kuti ntchito zodzoladzola asatayike.

Komanso makampani razvedencheskogo malangizo katundu kuchita ndi njuchi okha - 50% ya phindu chuma cha Kumwera Russia kuchokera zogulitsa mfumukazi ndi phukusi.

Alendo adzatithandiza?

Pakuti malonda yachilendo Njuchi amakhala ndi zokolola mkulu ndi intensification kupanga. zinthu malamulo ndipo panali ndi yabwino kwa ntchito ndi kusintha kwa mitundu muyezo wa luso ndi zipangizo, ndi, chifukwa - lonse okhwima kugwilizana ndi mfundo lonse la zinthu. Kuweta makampani m'mayiko ambiri kulandira amapereka ndi boma olimba amasangalala thandizo zonse. Mwachitsanzo, boma la US woyikidwa tariffs pa uchi kunja (chifukwa China ndi 180%, Argentina - 60%). Ogula zakunja US deduct ndalama uchi (mpaka $ 300 miliyoni pa chaka) zigwire kuthandiza alimi zoweta.

Pakuti opanga Russian akhala akugwira zinachitikira Canada Anzawo. M'midzi Magwiridwe njuchi mu dziko pamwamba zotsatira pafupifupi dziko koposa kawiri.

Kofunika kwambiri kusintha ndi patsogolo osiyanasiyana makampani popanga mankhwala njuchi. Ntchito yosindikiza msika basi mzere selo ndi ikukoka uchi centrifuges ndi akasinja, zipangizo kupenda khalidwe la uchi. Wokondweretsa chidwi ngakhale kuti opanda pake: suti mlimi "Shefifi" wa Chidanishi kampani "Svente" digiri yapamwamba ya chitetezo, chitonthozo, durability.

Ziyembekezo za chitukuko. Luso mu njuchi

Kupikisana ndi Anzawo Western akhoza kupanga chitukuko cha ogwira ntchito za Ryazan University ulimi m'munda wa mechanization ndi atsopano njira ya mankhwala processing njuchi makampani, kuphatikizapo:

• luso ndi zipangizo m'zigawo ndi kuyanika beebread,
• zovuta kuyeretsa ndi ofunika a phula,
• Chakudya luso kudyetsa pasty sera chipolopolo.

Ambiri mwa zida kale akuthamanga pa ulimi. Technology mwakhama kufufuza minda njuchi.

chiyembekezo chabwino chokhudzana ndi ntchito yokumba pulasitiki zisa, ming'oma nzeru (kuchokera polystyrene kukodzedwa ndi sukulu ina ya thovu), ntchito kulingalira filimu kuonjezera mphamvu ya madera njuchi.

Kunachitika luso mankhwala zosonkhanitsira anadziwana ndi alimi Australia. Pa mtima za izo - ndi kapangidwe zatsopano kwa chimango ming'oma njuchi ndi "nyumba". Pamene nadzaza zisa uchi kutsegula wapampopi, ndi mankhwala yekha amalowa wotambasula ndi mphamvu njuchi a.

Zokopa kwambiri maganizo ndi njira, nthawi zina pafupifupi chotheka. Ndani wa iwo adzaposa mizu ndi adzapindula alimi ndi njuchi, nthawi yokha adzatiuza.