Mpweya wa poizoni - dalitso oopsa

Monga zaka zambiri zapitazo ankaona atomu zing'onozing'ono particles mwachibadwa zikuchitika, wosasintha ndi indivisible. Koma ganizo sayansi chiyani chilili, wosakhazikika maganizo a anthu adafunafuna kwambiri atamva chophimba mwachinsinsi pa katundu wa zinthuzo. Ndipo tsopano, pa mapeto a XIX m'ma French sayansi Becquerel, kuchita kafukufuku wa X-ray, mwangozi anachita chidwi mu cheza panamveka ndi mchere ureniamu. Choncho mu 1896 anali atulukira mpweya wa poizoni - ichi ndi umboni odziwika wa divisibility wa maatomu.

Anthu asayansi wakhala chidwi kwambiri kutsegula, ndi gulu la sayansi ndi luso zoyenera yekha kuziwerenga izo. Mwamwayi, nthawi zambiri kubweretsa pa guwa la sayansi thanzi lawo. Chifukwa cha iwo, tikudziwa tsopano kuti mpweya wa poizoni - chodabwitsa mowiriza mowiriza umuna wa particles osiyana ndi mtima wa ena zinthu, amene pa nthawi pachimake kusamukira ku dziko losiyana, ndi magawo yawo yasinthika.

Maatomu zinthu nyukiliya zimatulutsa particles ndi cheza mu atomu. Ena mwa iwo ndi izi:

- Alpha particles (α) ndi nthenda yotaya kwathunthu ionized helium maatomu, kusunthira pa mlingo wa 20 zikwi km / m, ndipo ndi mphamvu kudutsa mu mlengalenga pa mtunda wa 10 cm Gwirani particles izi kwa ozama mu thupi la munthu angathe zovala, pepala, chikopa .. . Koma ozama mu thupi, iwo amavutitsa kwambiri;

- beta particles (β) - tofa ma elekitironi (kapena positrons), amene ali ndi nthenda mathamangidwe pafupi ndi mathamangidwe kuwala. malowedwe mphamvu yawo mu mlengalenga ndi apamwamba - 5 - 20 mamita A muwasunge iwo mu pepala zotayidwa millimeters angapo wandiweyani .;

- Popanga madzi a gamma cheza (γ) - akuwuka pa ankachita nyukiliya ndi kusinthika tinthu cheza mu atomu ndi yochepa kwambiri timaganiza. The ozama luso ili mtundu cheza patali kuti likhoza kugwira ndi kutsogolera pepala wonenepa kapena wosanjikiza konkire.

Chiwerengero cha zochita mowiriza nyukiliya panamveka particles ndale - neutrons ozama mphamvu amene pamwamba kanthu γ-ray - iwo kudutsa kutsogolera-mpaka mamita angapo wandiweyani.

Amadziwika kuti mpweya wa poizoni - chuma kuti akhale chibadidwe chikhalidwe cha zinthu ndi chingapezeke mwa njira zasayansi. Amapanga mpweya wa poizoni anapeza kale mu 30 ntchentche za m'ma XX.

Magwero cheza achilengedwe ambiri. Ndi yokha Dziko Lapansi ndi malo ndi zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi zinyalala zawo, ndi zinthu mankhwala dothi ndi zomangira, ndipo angapo katundu wa m'nyumba. Koma anthu awa yesetsani kuganiza.

Pali zipangizo angapo kuti kuyeza mpweya wa poizoni mayunitsi komanso ndife osiyana. Unit zofunika - ndi becquerel (Bq), wofanana azingokhala limodzi pa mphindi. Mayunitsi Common ntchito: X-ray, Curie. Odzipereka mlingo amayezedwa mayunitsi rad kapena imvi. Mmene zamoyo kwachilengedwenso ayesedwa mu rem kapena sievert.

Natural nyukiliya zipangizo zimatulutsa particles bombarding ife moyo. Gwero lina kukhudzana zonse kuchita nyumba yokumba - zogona ndi malonda. Angapo a zipangizo zachilengedwe ali penapake kukwezeka maziko poizoniyu. Mwachitsanzo, mpweya wa poizoni chilengedwe cha lubwe kuvumbitsira nyumba ya kuposa kawiri nyukiliya (400 mrem / chaka) kuposa iwo inamangidwa ndi njerwa zofiira, kanayi - konkire. Wamng'ono wa particles onse mlandu zimatulutsa mtengo - kumanga ndi nthawi 13 zochepa nyukiliya kuposa lubwe.

Ubwino kwa anthu mpweya wa poizoni - palibe angatsutse mfundo. Science, mankhwala, ulimi, mphamvu, ndi mafakitale ambiri n'zovuta kuchita popanda isotopes nyukiliya. Koma pamene atomu mtendere amakhala kusalankhula kapena kwasanduka Chida ali kuopseza kuli lathuli.