M'lifupi sitima n'zotsimikizira mu Russia ndi mayiko ena

Njanji mayendedwe - za mtundu wina akutsogolera zoyendera m'basimo ndi katundu. anthu ochepa chabe amene amaganiza za njanji m'lifupi, atakhala m'sitima. Ngakhale anthu ochepa mukudziwa zomwe magawo awa sanauzidwe. Pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, njira njanji ali kusiyana kwambiri m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.

A mbiri pang'ono

Yopeka wolemba ku England Gerbert Dzhordzh Uells limanena kuti njanji ayenera kakulidwe zochokera mtunda pakati pa mawilo a ngolo wamba kavalo. Information angapezeke mu ntchito yake "Patali".

Development zoyendera njanji ndi pakati pa zaka za m'ma 19. Ndiye makampani chimphona mu gawo ili ngati kuli kotheka kuwonjezera zochita zake mu mabwalo malonda. Kumene, pa nthawi yomweyo olembedwa kukula kwambiri mafakitale.

The sitima yoyamba ankaonera monga njira ina m'malo ndiyamphamvu. magawo awo ali ndi wogwirizana ndi kukula kwa anthu oyendetsa lapansi. Zimenezi n'zimene malinga ndi kukula kwa njanji woyamba ndi njanji m'lifupi (1,435 mm).

Si onse njira yoyamba anaikidwa pa maziko a malamulo ambiri amavomereza. Mwachitsanzo, m'lifupi mayendedwe njanji panjira ku Dublin kuti Drogheda (Ireland) anali 1600 mm.

Kulimbana kukula n'zotsimikizira

Izambart injiniya Brunel, amene anakhalako m'zaka 1806-1859, wakhala analimbikitsa kutambasuka kwa njirayo. Mu 1835 inatha pomanga Great Western Road. Mtunda pakati pa njanji anali 2135 mm.

Kusagwirizana pa nkhani chomwe m'lifupi sitima n'zotsimikizira adzatengedwa monga muyezo, izo mpaka 1845. Azichita takhala ankaphunzira ntchito za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya misewu. Chokonza okha chisankho cholondola mu England analenga ntchito yapadera aphungu, amene anali kukhazikitsa yunifolomu kukula kwa njanji. Choncho, 1845 panali lamulo yomanga njanji ndi njanji n'zotsimikizira 1.435 mm. Koma pali njira kuti sagwirizana ndi deta ichi, ankachita ankamangidwanso. Ophwanya maso wabwino wa £ 10 aliyense mtunda patsiku 1 kuli misewu oletsedwa.

zinthu mwapadera kwa Ireland

Great Western Road anakakamizika kumanga wina njanji lachitatu. Pakuti Ireland, boma la Britain anapanga zosiyana (njanji m'lifupi pano ndi kufikira tsopano 1600 mm). M'dziko mu 40s kwa zaka za m'ma 19 bwinobwino coexisted n'zotsimikizira mfundo zisanu. Kuti vutoli ndiyakuti mwachilungamo, boma kupeza muyezo umodzi, kuwerengera pafupifupi.

Iron msewu USA

Mu US limati ndafuna amadzipatula okha nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Kumene, ayenera zimaonekera zoyendera. Njira yoyamba wakufayo kwambiri mtunda pakati pa njanji ndi. Mu lamulo New York City izo lidatsirizika loletsa nthambi zina olumikizidwa kwa misewu (umene iwo anali 1524 mm).

Kuyambira 1865 mpaka 1886 pali kuyanjana kwa misewu American. States ayamba kupeza njira kucheza, muyezo English wayamba mbali zambiri.

Only mu February 1886 anatenga "Convention" imene enshrined kumayambiriro kwa njanji wosakwatiwa ku United States. 21,000 Km kutalika kwa msewu anali pereshito mu masiku awiri chabe. kukonzekera A unatenga masiku 79. M'lifupi mwa njanji United States Railway langokhala 1.435 mm. The yofanana pa njanji ku Canada.

njanji European

English n'zotsimikizira (1435 mm) waperekedwa kwa Ulaya. Mwalamulo kukula izi Analeredwa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana pa osiyana nthawi: ku Bavaria mu 1836, Prussia mu 1837, dziko lonse German TC - 1850.

Popeza n'zotsimikizira sitima ku Europe, anatengera ku England, unatenga maziko, ndipo ambiri.

Komabe, magwero a magawo amenewa anafuna mu Roma. Masiku amenewo, pofuna kupewa analumala magaleta, anaganiza kuti akonze ngolo ndi mtunda wofanana pakati pa mawilo (ndipo ndi wofanana 1.435 mm).

n'zotsimikizira yotakata

Kupatula Ireland, njira lonse (1600 mm) amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'mayiko monga Australia (pang'ono kuyambira 1854) ndi Brazil. The onse (1676 mm) chinafika ku Spain mu 1848, ku Portugal - mu 1854, ku Argentina - mu 1857-m, ndipo ngakhale patapita - mu India, Chile, Ceylon.

M'mayiko onse awa anatengera ndiye kuyeza anatsala lalikulu.

Kodi mu Russian

n'zotsimikizira sitima ku Russia anali kuposa English. Kuyambira ziwerengero mu 1829 mamilimita oletsa njira ya Tsarskoye Selo, dziko kwapita pa kukula kwa 1524 mm. Zinali khalidwe la msewu Moscow - St. Petersburg. M'tsogolo njirayi ndipo wakhala ponseponse. Zikuoneka kuti akatswiri Russian takongola chithunzi mu United States. Pa nthawi ya alangizi American akhala kukhala wochitachita mu charting njira yatsopano.

M'lifupi 1524 mamilimita chimene chasonyeza ndi kuwerengetsera zachuma. Pamene munakonza boma njanji anaberekera mtengo ndi zosakwana achabechabe. Mwina inunso kusankha njira. Pamene maiko oyandikana sadzatha kugonjetsa dziko kupyolera maulendo njanji zoyendera.

Cha m'ma 60 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo, chiwerengero ndi njira yolongosoka 1520 mm. Ichi chidachitika kwa mayiko mawerengedwe. Pakali pano, ndi zoyendera njira ndi tinjira 1520 mamilimita ndi 1524 lili pa nambala wachiwiri dziko ndi kutalika kwa misewu (okwana nthawi).

M'lifupi sitima n'zotsimikizira mu Russia ndi Europe analandidwa muyezo pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana. N'chifukwa chiyani zigawo safika chithunzi wamba, sakudziwika bwinobwino.

subways Russian

M'lifupi sitima n'zotsimikizira ku Russia mu metros onse ndi chimodzimodzi ambiri a njanji dziko. Izi imakhudzanso onse maiko CIS. Russian sitima mizere ofanana ndi mtunda pakati pa njanji ndi - 1520 mm. Pali ena mizinda zosiyana pa nkhani imeneyi. Mu Rostov pa-Don Mwachitsanzo, European anaika njanji. m'lifupi ndi 1435 mm. Mu ena mabungwe Russian ndi midzi ya CIS kwa kayendedwe ka trams ntchito yopapatiza njanji m'lifupi mwake 1000 mm. Ndi mizinda ngati Kaliningrad (Russia), Pyatigorsk (Russia), Lviv (Ukraine), Zhitomir (Ukraine), Vinnitsa (Ukraine) ndi ena.

Mayiko n'zotsimikizira Russian

Track m'lifupi ndi zizindikiro za 1520 ndi 1524 mamilimita amapezeka kwambiri mu ena limati. Izi zili choncho makamaka zakale Soviet Union ndi oyandikana Finland, Mongolia, Afghanistan. Ndithudi, izi sizikutanthauza kuti njira zina pali sizikhudza.

Pali ena options pamene nsalu zokha ayi angapo njanji ntchito, m'lifupi zosiyana pa muyezo anavomera. Mwachitsanzo, mu Bulgaria ndi gawo laling'ono la msewu mu Varna pa za bwato. Mu Germany - ku doko la Sassnitz. M'lifupi sitima n'zotsimikizira ku China pa kuwoloka malire ndi Russia ndi kukula zolondola. Korea North mu 2011, wobwezeretsedwa dziko m'malire ndizi Hasan - Tumen. Romania ali ndi mzere kuti zikugwirizana ndi zitsulo Chomera ndi Moldova. Komanso, yachidule awa akupezeka Slovakia, Sweden, Iran.

Ngakhale kuti sitima n'zotsimikizira mu Europe ndi osiyana magawo athu, malo ndi n'zotsimikizira Russian amapulumutsa ndalama zoyendera kawirikawiri katundu ku mafakitale, zomera ndi lalikulu khola magalimoto anthu.

Ntchito n'zotsimikizira yopapatiza

Pamene anakulirakulirabe kuyala njanji ku England anaonekera mu msewu ndi njira yolongosoka 590 mm. Ndiye njanji Pamwalawo ku France, Belgium ndi Scandinavia. Mu Russia, nawonso yopapatiza-n'zotsimikizira njanji (1871) polima.

M'mayiko ena, misewu yoteroyo adakali ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, mu Cape Colony kutalika ndi zina zazikulu (112,000 makilomita), iwo sichinasinthe. msewu wotchedwa - "Cape n'zotsimikizira", m'lifupi - 1067 mm.

M'maiko a South Africa ndipo Africa Central, ndi Philippines, New Zealand, mbali ya Japan ndi Australia komanso kukhala ngati yopapatiza yakumadzulo / yakumadzulo a msewu. M'lifupi mwa njanji pa Sakhalin analinso ndi kukula kwa 1.067 mm. Kuchokera mu 2004 JSC "njanji Russian" reconstructs kuonjezera mabuku magalimoto.

Mu Japan, mkulu liwiro imaphunzitsa nyumba mzere ku mtunda pakati pa njanji 1435 mm.

M'lifupi sitima n'zotsimikizira mu Russia kumalire ndi Poland ndi Kaliningrad kwa chomwecho. Tsopano South Station mzinda kukonza angapo njira izi.

Mu USSR, dzinali lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njanji 750 mm m'lifupi. njira izi anali wachiwiri wotchuka kwambiri ndi ntchito mpaka 1980. Panopa, iwo anasintha kapena pansi pa muyeso wamba, kapena kungoti kutsekedwa.

Mu ena a ku Ulaya ntchito 1000 mamilimita njanji.

kuipa sitima yopapatiza-n'zotsimikizira

Waung'ono n'zotsimikizira nthawizonse osankhidwa pankhani ya ndalama. kokha nyimbo kuwala anali mfulu muziyendayenda iye. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuchepetsa ndalama yomanga r Mukhoza / yakumadzulo zojambula. Asayansi anasonyeza kuti msewu wopita Festinoge ingathe katatu kwambiri ngati anali yachibadwa.

Mwatsoka, m'lifupi izi si zokwanira zosoŵa zonse. M'zaka za m'ma 19 mochedwa, dziko anayamba mwachangu kusuntha kwa makulidwe zikuluzikulu.

Ngakhale chidaliro wa kumbali ya njanji yopapatiza n'zotsimikizira ndi chilakolako kutsimikizira kuthekera ndi othandiza nsalu zokha ayi awa, maganizo amenewa osavomerezeka ndi ambiri. Ndipo 1435 mamilimita njira kufalitsa ndi liwiro lalikulu m'misewu ya makhalidwe osiyana.

Tsopano yopapatiza n'zotsimikizira ntchito zoyendera mafakitale m'mafakitale lalikulu ndi mphero, chifukwa maulendo alendo, m'migodi, ena mizere mu dzikolo mayendedwe a anthu.

Ena ziwerengero ndi curiosities

Road ndi njira yolongosoka 1.435 mamilimita ndi ambiri. Molingana awo ndi 75% pa mundawo yakumadzulo / d. Onse osiyanasiyana pakati pa 11% ndi NGR - 14%.

M'litali yakumadzulo / imelo njira mu dziko - 1.2 miliyoni Km. misewu yambiri anaikidwa mu US (pafupifupi 240 zikwi makilomita). Mu malo chachiwiri Canada (90,000 km). Pomaliza limabweretsa Russia (86,000 km).

The narrowest njanji m'lifupi (0 mm) monyadira mbali yakumadzulo / yakumadzulo kwa msewu mu Germany komwe njanji limodzi ntchito. njira iyi ankavala experimental.

The linafalitsidwa kwambiri njanji njanji njira (3000 mm) Akupemphani ya General Wogwila Hitler kutenga ya Ukraine wotanganidwa ndi m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya zipangizo. Kugonjetsa Nazi adasasanya iyi yosatheka. Atatu mita m'lifupi sitima n'zotsimikizira ku Ukraine wakhala kokha pa pepala.

The n'zotsimikizira ambiri

Track Ufupi (mm)	Utali (km)	dzina msewu	Mayiko kumene ntchito
1676	42300	Indian	India, Chile, Pakistan, Argentina
1668	14300	Spain ameneŵa	Spain ndi Portugal
1600	9800	Irish	Ireland, Brazil ndi Australia (tsankho)
1524	7000	Russian	Estonia ndi Finland
1520	220000	Russian	mmaiko CIS, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Mongolia (pang'ono)
1435	720000	European	Europe, Canada, USA, China, Australia, Korea, Africa North, Middle East, Cuba, Panama, Mexico, Venezuela, Peru, Uruguay
1067	112000	Cape	South Africa, Africa Central, Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, New Zealand, Australia, Sakhalin (Russia)
1000	95000	mita	Asia (Kumwera), India, Bolivia, Brazil, Uganda, Chile, Kenya

Mavuto ntchito widths osiyana njanji

Ntchito nsalu ndi gauges osiyana m'mayiko osiyanasiyana amalenga zosiyanasiyana zovuta ndi mayendedwe a katundu ndi anthu. M'malo mwa "msonkhano" njira amenewa kuziika anthu (ikuyenda katundu). Komanso ntchito bogie kuwombola luso magalimoto ena.

M'lifupi sitima n'zotsimikizira mu Russia ndi Europe amakhala ndi 85 mm. Choncho, kuwoloka onse malire kugwirizana ndi mavuto zina. The amagwiritsidwa ntchito mfundo - ndi European ndi Russian n'zotsimikizira.

Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri mfundo polumikiza (zidutswa 15) wambiri m'madera kumalire ndi Ukraine. Iwo makamu mu Poland, Slovakia, Hungary ndi Romania. M'lifupi sitima n'zotsimikizira mu Russia ndi Ukraine chimodzimodzi. Komabe, magalimoto onse kuti musanjenso. Opaleshoni imeneyi amatenga maola osachepera awiri zoyendera anthu. Sitima yonyamula katundu mwina masabata mu ima pamzere kuchita permutation.

luso lina ndi zodziwikiratu kusintha n'zotsimikizira anayamba kupanga mu 1968. Izi zimachitika pa liwiro wochepa popanda nawo njanji antchito.

Kumene, kuganizira mfundo zonsezi, anthu ambiri amakonda kutumiza katundu wawo mwa nyanja. madoko Baltic akuvutika kwathunthu. Oimira makampani European sitima ndi kasamalidwe ka njanji Russian mowirikiza kukambirana n'zotheka kukonza kugwirizana yanjinga mode ndi zodziwikiratu.