Chilinganizo ulova. Mlingo ulova mmene kuwerengera?

Kawirikawiri timamva pa TV nkhani za kuchuluka kapena kuchepa mu mlingo wa ulova m'dziko makamaka, mzinda. Koma bwino, aliyense wa ife amadziwa tanthauzo? Ndipotu, mfundo zitha anamvetsa bwino kufunika kwa chinthu monga ulova. ndi mawerengedwe chilinganizo anapatsidwa pansipa, azipereka kwa kumvetsa bwino nkhani.

Zimayambitsa ulova

Ngati kapena ayi, koma dziko lililonse pali anthu ena a anthu amene sali pantchito pa mphindi. Ngakhale mayiko olemera ndi ulova. Izi ndi zifukwa zingapo.

Aliyense dziko kwambiri anayamba ndi chuma dziko panopa mu malo ulova. Mwina ndi lingaliro la bizinesi, anthu Soviet akukhulupirira kuti posachedwa m'tsogolo aliyense adzakhala ndi ntchito ndi zimasunga katundu Kusiya kuwagulitsa pa ndalama.

Ulova mwina chifukwa zifukwa zingapo. Iwo akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu angapo:

- chuma;

- ndale;

- chikhalidwe;

- umunthu.

Zifukwa zachuma gulu komanso omwe akugwirizana ndi mfundo za chitukuko chuma chigawo (dziko). Ngati mphamvu ya boma kuti ziro, chuma kulephera, makampani omwe anaima, mwachibadwa kuti ntchito zonse sangatengedwe kukhala. Pankhaniyi, anthu chabe zidzasowa ntchito.

zifukwa za ndale zochokera miyeso aliyense loyang'anira boma lamulo lakuti gawo makamaka za chuma. Nthawi zina ndondomeko akukambirana mavuto a ukulu padziko lonse, kuiwala zimene zimakhudza miyoyo ya anthu pa za dziko. Wina potero atapeza ntchito, ndi wina agonje.

gulu chikhalidwe zikuphatikizapo zimayambitsa ulova popanda chuma kapena ndale chitukuko vekitala. Iwo zambiri motengera kutchuka ndi mafashoni. Mwachitsanzo, zingakhale 1000 ufulu wantchito kwa malo aukhondo, koma chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro zawo zokhuza kuthekera kupeza zambiri yapamwamba ndi bwino ntchito anthu sali pantchito pa mphindi.

Zifukwa munthu gulu komanso omwe akugwirizana ndi makhalidwe munthu wa anthu. Ndipotu, pali anthu amene safuna kugwira ntchito, moyo pa moyo, kumwa mowa ndi mankhwala, ndi kuwatengera iwo kuti achite chinachake kwa anthu a sangathe mu chimango malamulo alipo.

Kuwerengetsa zolondola zowerengera deta za anthu olumala, chilinganizo wapadera wa ulova. Mlingo ulova, amene mungagwiritse ntchito kuwerengera ndi kudziwa mmene ulova wa anthu zachuma yogwira. Iwo tidzakambirana pansipa.

Mwakucimbidza Dziwani zotsatirazi. Kuchita masamu m'njira zosiyanasiyana mlingo ulova. Dongosolo la mawerengedwe aliyense mode adzakhala yake. Koma makamaka zochitika za pa ntchito mlingo wa ulova wa Labor Mayiko Organization.

Amaonekera ndi chiŵerengero cha chiwerengero cha ulova kwa chiwerengero cha anthu zachuma yogwira.

Lova - ndi gawo la ogwira ntchito, sipangakhalenso ntchito kupanga katundu, koma pazifukwa zina si nawo pasukuluyi.

Mwanzeru yogwira anthu - chiwerengero cha anthu amene ali wamphamvu ndipo angathe kugwira nawo ntchito yopanga katundu.

mitundu ya ulova

Kuwerengetsa ndalama ya ulova, ayenera kupatsidwa aziona moyenera zotsatira. Chioneke mu magulu a anthu, komanso mitundu ya ulova kuti athe kudziwa zotsatira, zomwe zikuonetsa ulova chilinganizo. Mlingo ulova malinga ndi magawo pamwamba adzakhala osiyana ndi kuvala makhalidwe osiyana.

Mukhoza kusankha zotsatirazi mitundu ya ulova :

1. Kapangidwe.

2. Kukhululukirana.

3. Nyengo.

4. Ozungulira.

Kenako, tikambirana mtundu uliwonse mwatsatanetsatane ndipo mupeza chilinganizo chimene chingatithandize kudziwa mlingo wa aliyense wa iwo.

structural ulova

Kandalama ulova ndi imodzi mwa mitundu wambiri. kubwera kwake mu chuma chifukwa cha kusintha nthawi zonse ankafuna msika mankhwala ena. Ngati kufunika imagwera kwa mankhwala ena, kenako kufunika kwa ogwira ntchito amene akuzipanga izo, nawonso yafupika.

Pofuna kulimbana ndi mtundu uwu ulova pamafunika zambiri ndithu nthawi akatswiri maphunziro ataya ntchito zawo pansi mumaganiza latsopano akumufuna.

Pakuti mawerengedwe a mtundu wa chilinganizo zotsatirazi ndi ulova. Mlingo ulova wa mtundu structural kuchita masamu motere:

Bstr = ACC / Chrs * 100%, kumene:

CCA - kuchuluka kwa structural ulova;

Chrs - okwana ogwira ntchito.

frictional ulova

Frictional ulova amadziwika mlingo nezanyatnyh anthu ndi ziyeneretso zina. Kawirikawiri pali kukula mu ntchito zikusowa, ngati pali vuto izi chuma: kutsekedwa zomera ndi kuchepa mphamvu kupanga mofulumira kuposa gulu la china chatsopano. Ndiko kuti, anthu makamaka amachotsedwa ntchito ndipo mongoyembekezera sanathe kupeza ntchito chifukwa cha kusowa ntchito lolingana ziyeneretso awo.

Ndiko kunena kuti frictional ulova ndi losavuta kayendedwe ka anthu ogwira ntchito amene sakhoza kuzipewa, koma n'zotheka kuchepetsa mlingo. The njira yaikulu kuchepetsa kupezeka kwa mudziwe bwino ndi chigawo chimodzi cha msika ntchito, zimene ayenera m'nthawi yake kudziwitsa anthu za maonekedwe a wantchito zosiyanasiyana ufulu.

Kuwerengetsa mlingo wa ulova kudzakuthandizani chilinganizo zotsatirazi. Mlingo ulova wa mtundu mikangano kuchita masamu motere:

BDF = CDF / Chrs * 100%, kumene:

FCC - kuchuluka kwa frictional ulova.

ulova nyengo

Nthawi zambiri chokhudzana ndi ntchitoyo kuti ndi nyengo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati anapita ku malo achisangalalo, ndiye anaona kokha mu nyengo yina, ndi kuwonjezeka ndipo akhazikitse katundu. Mu mapiri, alendo akanafuna kuti abwere mu yozizira, ndi nyanja - m'chilimwe. The ena omwera ndi masitolo ndi mabizinesi ena ngakhale ntchito. Panthawi imeneyi antchito awo kapena mwa ntchito kapena kukhala okhudzidwa mu chinachake.

Komanso, pali mafakitale ambiri amene amakhazikika mu mankhwala nyengo. Mwachitsanzo, opanga phwetekere phala kapena madzi aliwonse womangidwa kwa nthawi kusasitsa mankhwala ena ulimi. Onse a maofesi yopanga ali mwa ntchito, komanso ogwira ntchito za mafakitale izi.

N'kosavuta kuwerengera kuti mlingo wa ulova. Ndondomeko ndi:

BS = Kc / Chrs * 100%, kumene:

KS - chiwerengero cha ulova nyengo.

cyclical ulova

Mtundu amagwirizana ndi m'zinthu ambiri ankamva cha vuto la zachuma. Pali ufulu chuma, zomwe ikutsimikizidwanso pa zonse ndipo m'mayiko onse, ngati pali nyengo ya kukula zachuma, padzakhala nthawi ya mavuto.

Ndiko kuti, nthawi ya zachuma aliyense kukula, izo zimachepa. Pa kuchepetsa GDP ndipo zikuoneka ozungulira ulova, amene amadziwika mlingo wa ntchito ulesi mogwirizana ndi kuchepetsa afika mphamvu kupanga ndi kutulutsidwa workflows.

Kuwerengetsa ndalama ulova ntchito mfundo zotsatirazi. mlingo ulova ndi ozungulira:

BC = CP / Chrs * 100%, kumene:

CP - kuchuluka kwa cyclical ulova.

Other mitengo komanso ntchito zikusowa

Kuchita mozama kusanthula sikokwanira kudziwa mmene kuwerengera inatchulidwa pamwamba. Nthawi zambiri ntchito chinthu monga mlingo chilengedwe cha ulova.

mawerengedwe ake ndiyo njira motere:

Khalani Bstr = + BDF.

The ulova achilengedwe. Kodi zimakwana?

Kodi chithunzi ichi? Iwo masamu pamene iwo akufuna kuti adziwe chimene chidzagwa mlingo wonse wa ulova mu mulanduwo, ngati ndondomeko za pa ntchito zonse.

Ndiko kuti, ngati aliyense amene ankafuna, iye akanakhoza kupeza ntchito. Chotero, izo sizingakhoze kuoneka kuti mlingo zachilengedwe ulova chilinganizo cha chomwe chili pamwamba, amaganiza kuti chuma chokha kwa mitundu structural ndi frictional ulova.

Tikhoza kunena kuti chithunzi izi zikusonyeza kuti zimene zachitika mu msika ntchito, pansi makhalidwe abwino, pamene anthu onse chuma yogwira ndi ntchito kupanga katundu.

ulova leni

chizindikiro china ndi leni waukulu ulova. Iwo masamu monga Uwerenge mitundu yonse ya ulova anatchula pamwamba, kupatula kwa thupi. Ie Uwerenge structural, frictional, cyclical ndi nyengo - ndi zenizeni ulova. Ndondomeko ili:

BF = Bstr + BDF + BS + BC.

Leni ulova kwenikweni amasonyeza mwaimvetsa pa msika ntchito. Zimakhala kuposa wofanana kapena zosakwana mlingo chilengedwe cha ulova. mawerengedwe chilinganizo limasonyeza kuti chithunzi ichi amakhudza mwamtheradi mitundu yonse ya ulova, kutanthauza kuti:

1. Mlingo chenicheni kuposa mlingo zachilengedwe ulova kukachitika kuti pali kuchepa mayendedwe a chitukuko chuma.

2. zinthu adzachotse njila kwa woyamba, ngati chuma ikupita patsogolo ndi ntchito kuoneka mofulumira kuposa kupita pa kuchotsedwa kwa anthu kuchokera pamalo awo akale.

Ndipotu, ndi nzeru zonse mwa zifukwa, mitundu ndi zinthu, tikutsata ndondomeko za kuwerengetsa ulova amathandiza kupereka chenicheni ziyenera a ntchito ndi ntchito za boma kupereka ntchito yabwino.

Mlingo kusowa ntchito nthawi yodziwika dziko la chuma, ndi chifukwa cha chizindikiro ichi akhoza amachitsimikizira za komwe kufunafuna zina ndipo muyenera kukonza vekitala chuma chitukuko.