Mbiri ya kuphunzira Africa. Research anthu apaulendo Russian mu Africa

Africa - lakutari ndipo mwachinsinsi Africa wotsegulira chinsinsi chake kwa Ulaya posachedwapa. Mpaka zaka zingapo zapitazo, panalibe mapu mwatsatanetsatane, ngakhale ndi chithunzi cha mayiko zosowa otentha mu Afrika. Mbiri ya kuphunzira Africa ladzala ndi zochitika chidwi ndi mfundo yachilendo kuti kulandira chithandizo. Table (Africa kafukufuku imachitika m'madera osiyana) zikhoza kupangidwa kwa iwo kumvetsa. Kotero inu mukhoza kutenga lingaliro ambiri amene anaphunzira Africa, ndipo tikambirana kuphunzira zambiri.

Oyendayenda Africa East

M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, ku Ulaya analibe zofunika mudziwe onse m'mayiko ambiri. maphunziro African, makamaka zokhudzana ndi mayiko Mediterranean yekha. Choncho, akatswiri ambiri akhala akuyesetsa Africa kuti mumve zambiri. Kumapeto kwa chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri m'ma French dokotala wina dzina lake Charles Zhak Ponse Ethiopia anakhazikitsa kugwirizana ndi Nyanja Mediterranean (kale Chipwitikizi anapita yekha kwa Red). Kulumikizana ndi Akatolika ntchito, wasayansi akwira pa Nile, anawoloka chipululu Nubian ndipo anatumizidwa ku likulu, pamene odwala anachiritsa Mfumu Ieyasu choyamba. ulendo wake zina anatumizidwa ku Nyanja Yofiira, umene anapanga ulendo zonse kwa Chipwitikizi wotsika Egypt, ndipo kuchokera kumeneko anabwerera France.

Zotsatirazi sikolala amene ananyamula kuphunzira Africa anakhala Scotland Dzheyms Bryus. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti anali dokotala, komanso Ponce. Iye anaphunzira njira ku Alexandria ku Ethiopia, ankayendetsa apaulendo a Arabia mchipululu, anapita kufupi ndi gombe la nyanja Yofiira, Kulemba Mzere m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mu njira zochiritsira, iye anapita Nyanja Tana. nkhani yoti atulukira Africa akufotokozedwa m'buku lakuti "Kuyenda kutsegula gwero la Nile mu 1768-1773 gg." Amene inafalitsidwa mu 1790. Maonekedwe a ntchito kukopa chidwi cha geographers kwa Africa ndipo anali poyambira maphunziro ambiri a latsopano.

Kuphunzira White Nile

Lamanzere gombe la Bahr-el-Abyad kalekale Ulaya "dziko kumumvetsa." Belyy Nil wakhala anagwirizana ndi zosiyanasiyana ankadutsa Ethiopia a. The European woyamba amene wadutsa mmodzi wa iwo, anali munthu wa ku England, William Dzhordzh Braun. Iye ankafuna kufufuza Darfur, koma wolamulira wa dziko unkamuletsa kutero. Mu likulu, pansi pa dzina la El-Fasher katswiriyo ndinali kuthera zaka zitatu monga Sultan sanamulole kubwerera ku Egipito. Ngakhale malamulo otere maphunziro African, Brown anasonkhana kwambiri deta wapatali nkhaniyo. Mpaka makumi za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, kulongosola za Darfur, yomwe ili m'dera la Sudan ano, anali mmodzi yekha.

Africa West

Mpaka m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, azungu akadadziwa gawo chabe ozungulira thamanda kusambira wa Gambia Mtsinje. malo Geographical ndi kuphunzira Africa akhala nkhani chidwi Stibsa England Bartholomew, amene 1723 akutsatiridwa ndi makilomita 500 anapitiriza kuphunzira pamaso m'madera ndipo anafika pa phiri massif wa Fouta Djallon. Iye anapeza kuti Gambia si ofanana ndi Niger ndipo akuyamba chapafupi pomwepo. Pa nthawi imene Rute maulendo ake asilikali a ku Britain Smith & Leach, kujambula mapu ndipo anachita ndondomeko yeniyeni ya mtsinje mu 1732. Ndithu chopereka lamanzere French. kafukufuku wawo lolunjika Africa Senegal beseni pa zimene anaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane atsamundawo. Features kuunikila Andre Bru, mkulu wakale wa kampani malonda. Anaphunzira Atlantic gombe nakhala European woyamba yemwe anayamba mayesowo kudutsa mu gawo lamkati la Africa kwa m'munsi mwa ndime ya. malipoti wake agwira mmishonale Zhan Batist Laba, amene analemba buku la zochokera awo "malongosoledwe atsopano a Africa West." Ntchito lofalitsidwa mu 1728 ndipo wakhala gwero lofunika pa mfundo za m'deralo.

The zikamera wa Association African

Ambiri a zigawo mkati mwa Africa anakhalabe unexplored ngakhale mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu. Kuti apitirize kuphunzira Africa, idamangidwa Association of Joseph Banks. Iye anali kuthetsa mavuto angapo. Choyamba, kunali kofunika kupeza magwero a White Nile. Kachiwiri, zosadziwika anali ndondomeko yeniyeni ya Mtsinje Niger. Chachitatu, yemweyo anali unexplored Congo ndi Zambezi. Pomaliza, kunali koyenera kufufuza makhwawa a mitsinje ikuluikulu African kudziwa limasonyeza zotheka. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri chinali kuthana ndi malo ozungulira Niger. Choncho, Association African anatumiza Maulendo angapo kumeneko. zoyesayesa zonse zinatha mu imfa ya apaulendo kapena kungopereka chilichonse patsogolo. Scot Mungo Park anaitanidwa kafukufuku. Iye anapita kummawa pa kavalo limodzi ndi atumiki African. Bwino ulendo wake Mungo ayenera kutsatira mfundo za kumadera omwe si a Asilamu. Choncho anacititsa kuti Niger. Tikaonanso England, anafalitsa buku lakuti "Ulendo kwambiri mu Africa mu 1795-1797 gg." Koma m'madera ena akhalabe osadziwika kwa iye.

chopereka Chipwitikizi

Mndandanda wa anthu amene anaphunzira kumtunda, muli anthu ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Ankachitira phunzirolo mu Africa ndi Chipwitikizi. khama lawo akhala Anakaligawa mabeseni wa Congo mtsinje wa CPA ndi Cuango. Komanso, nasanthula mzinda Chipwitikizi la Angola - Benguela ndi Luanda. Chinkhoswe mu kafukufuku ndi alaliki, capuchins. Analoledwa kupita mfumu Chipwitikizi. Mmodzi wa Capuchins, Italy Giovanni Antonio Kavatstsi, anaphunzira mu Angola, kenako lofalitsidwa kalata molondola kwambiri. Osati zochepa bwino Chipwitikizi akatswiri osiyanasiyana Zambezi beseni kumene ofuna golide ntchito. makadi awo analola kuti bwino mbali imeneyi m'dzikoli.

Kum'mwera kwa Africa ndi

History of anapeza ndi kafukufuku Africa m'dera la Cape of Good Hope chokhudzana ndi Dutch. Pali iwo anakhazikitsa m'mudzi, lomwe pano Cape Town. Ndipo panali akuluakulu ulendo mu zigawo kuya m'dzikoli. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu cha Dutch anakwanitsa mapu a dera zonse m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Makamaka kwambiri anali maulendowa wa Frederick Augustus Beutler, amene anapanga kuti Wamkulu Kei Mtsinje. Olifants Mtsinje linatsegulidwa ndi Jan Dantkartom ndi Orange anapeza Yakobo Coetzee. Kumpoto kwa Dutch anapeza sankadziwika Namkavalend ndalama zambiri, koma ndiye iwo sankaloledwa kusuntha kutentha.

Madagascar

Mbiri ya kafukufuku Africa sizikanakhala kwathunthu popanda kugwiritsa chilumba. Anatsegula French wake. Etienne Flakur anachita Maulendo angapo bwino kwa hinterland wa chisumbucho, ndipo mu 1658 anafalitsa "The History kwa chilumba Lalikulu la Madagascar," pomwe nkhani ya onse anaphunzira kale. chikalata ichi zofunika, limene akuti ndi yofunika kwambiri. Chifukwa cha maulendo ku French anakwanitsa kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa chisumbucho, ndi Madagascar anakhala nduna njuchi.

chopereka Russian

M'mayiko ambiri anatumizidwa ku chachinsinsi Africa ulendo. Zinali nazonso, ndi Russian Ufumu. Studies African wa anzake Russian chifukwa madera osiyana. zigawo chapakati anaphunzira Kovalevsky, amene anaitanidwa ku yomanga mabomba golide wa wolamulira wa Igupto. Iye anali mu Cairo, ndi Nubian Chipululu Berbera ndi Khartoum, anaphunzira Pool Tumat n'kukafika malire ake chapamwamba, anakhala European oyamba patsogolo kutali. wasayansi wina wotchuka anakhala Tsenkovsky, amene anaphunzira Nile Valley. Iye anabweretsa mu deta chodabwitsa cha Russian zachilengedwe sayansi zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho. Africa chidwi ndi otchuka Maclay, amene anaphunzira Sudan ndi Eritrea, kufanana kuchititsa Zoological kafukufuku. Pomaliza, tchulani Juncker ndi maulendo ake mu gawo kunyanja ofunika. Iye anakhala zaka zingapo mu mafuko kuthengo ndipo analandira zokhudza anthu a m'deralo amene amafufuza mbiri ya Africa sanadziwe kapena isanayambe kapena itatha.