Mayesero Mkhalidwe pa phenol. Kukonzekera Phenols: Chisoni

Karboliki asidi - mmodzi wa mayina Phenol, kusonyeza khalidwe yache mu mankhwala zako. Nkhanizi ndi mosavuta kuposa benzene amalowa nucleophilic M'MALO anachita. The katundu wa chibadidwe cha mpanda wa anafotokoza sayenda atomu acidic wa hydrogen mu gulu hydroxyl amakondanso mphete. Kuphunzira dongosolo maselo ndi apamwamba ayankhe kulola phenol pawiri monga mankhwala onunkhira - zotumphukira benzene.

Phenol (hydroxybenzene)

Mu 1834, a German sayansi Runge allocated karboliki asidi ku khala phula, koma sanathe decrypt kapangidwe kake. Kenako, akatswiri ena akhala akuganizira chilinganizo, ndipo anagwira kugwirizana zatsopano mowa onunkhira. Nthumwi zosavuta gulu - phenol (hydroxybenzene). Mu maonekedwe ake angwiro, mankhwala ndi galasi mandala ndi fungo khalidwe. Air-phenol mtundu angasinthe n'kukhala pinki kapena wofiira. Pakuti onunkhira mowa mmene osauka ozizira solubility madzi ndi bwino - mu mankhwala ndiponso. Phenol chimasungunula pa kutentha 43 ° C. Ndi pawiri poizoni, anakumana ndi khungu amachititsa zilonda zamoto. The moiety zonunkhira ndi kwakukulu kwa phenyl (C6H5-). Mwachindunji ndi mmodzi wa mpweya maatomu a mpweya ndi angongole ndi hydroxyl gulu (-OH). Pamaso pa aliyense wa particles limasonyeza zoyenera Mkhalidwe anachita phenol. Chilinganizo kusonyeza zili okwana ma atomu a zinthu mankhwala molekyulu ndi - C6H6O. Kapangidwe kusonyeza structural kachitidwe, kuphatikizapo mkombero ndi Kekule zinchito gulu - hydroxyl. Zooneka chifaniziro cha molekyulu, gogo mowa onunkhira kupereka sharosterzhnevye chitsanzo.

Features dongosolo la maselo

Kulowelela kwa mphete benzene ndi HA gulu imalongosola mankhwala anachita wa phenol ndi zitsulo, halogens, zinthu zina. Popeza womangidwa kwa mphete onunkhira a atomu mpweya akutitsogolera kuti kusokonekera kwa elekitironi kachulukidwe mu molekyulu ndi. Communication O-H ndi zambiri kumalo ozizira, zotsatira kuchuluka sayenda la haidrojeni mu gulu hydroxyl. The purotoni akhoza m'malo ndi maatomu zitsulo, zimene zikusonyeza kuti acidity wa phenol pa. Zikatero, gulu HA kumawonjezera zotakasika katundu wa benzene mphete. Delocalization wa ma elekitironi ukuwonjezeka, ndi luso M'MALO electrophilic mu phata la. Izi kumawonjezera sayenda maatomu haidrojeni amakondanso mpweya pa ortho- ndi Para-udindo (2, 4, 6). Amenewa ndi chifukwa kukhalapo kwa mwiniwake elekitironi kachulukidwe - hydroxyl gulu. Chifukwa kukopa kwake phenol yogwira kuposa benzene khalidwe mu zochita ndi zinthu zina ndipo substituents latsopano zochokera mu ortho- ndi Para-maudindo.

The katundu acidic

The hydroxyl gulu la zonunkhira mowa mpweya atomu amapeza mlandu zabwino, zofooketsa kulankhulana wake ndi wa hydrogen. purotoni kumasulidwa ndi ntchito, kotero phenol khalidwe monga asidi ndi ofooka, koma wamphamvu kuposa alcohols. Mkhalidwe anachita phenol monga mayeso litmus mayeso pamaso pa mapulotoni amasintha mtundu ku buluu ndi pinki. Pamaso pa maatomu halogen kapena magulu nitro kugwirizana ndi benzene mphete amatsogolera ndi kuwonjezeka mu ntchito haidrojeni lapansi. Zotsatira zimawonedwa mu mamolekyulu nitro phenol. acidity substituents m'munsi monga kwa amino gulu, ndi alkyl (CH3-, C2H5-, etc.). Mankhwala amene amabweretsa pamodzi ndi benzene mphete, gulu hydroxyl ndi methyl kwakukulu, amatanthauza cresol. katundu ofooka kuposa karboliki asidi.

phenol anachita ndi soda ndi zamchere

Mofananamo zidulo phenol ndi anachitira ndi zitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, wakwiya ndi sodium wochuluka: 2C6H5-HA + 2Na = 2C6H5-polemba, pakapepala + H2 ↑. Kupangidwa ndi sodium phenoxide, ndi gaseous wa hydrogen adzamasulidwa. Phenol ali anachitira ndi zapansi sungunuka. Zimachitika neutralization anachita kupanga mchere ndi madzi: C6H5-HA + NaOH = C6H5 -ONa + H2O. Luso kupereka wa hydrogen mu gulu hydroxyl mu phenol ndi poyerekeza zidulo kwambiri zochita kupanga ndi carboxylic. Iwo displaces izo kwa mchere mu madzi ngakhale mpweya woipa (asidi carbonic). Chisoni aone kuti pali: C6H5-polemba, pakapepala + CO2 + H2O = C6H5-HA + NaHCO3.

Zimene wa benzene mphete

katundu zonunkhira ndi chifukwa elekitironi delocalization mu benzene phata. Haidrojeni kwa mphete ndi chisiyana maatomu halogen, nitro. A zoterezi mu phenol molekyulu ndi mosavuta kuposa benzene. Mwachitsanzo mmodzi yekha - bromination. Benzene halogen ukugwira ntchito mu kukhalapo kwa chothandizira, analandira bromobenzene. Phenol ali anachitira ndi madzi bromine m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa. Mogwirizana wa precipitate woyera wa 2,4,6-tribromophenol, amene maonekedwe kusiyanitsa mayeso mankhwala ofanana izo kwa mankhwala onunkhira. Bromination - Mkhalidwe anachita kwa phenol. Aone kuti pali: C6H5-HA + 3Br2 = C6H2Br3 + HBr. Zimene chachiwiri mankhwala - bromide wa hydrogen. Pamene yatikhudza phenol ndi kuchepetsa asidi nitric analandira otumphukira nitro. Zimene mankhwala ndi asidi kuikapo maganizo nitric - 2,4,6-trinitrophenol kapena asidi picric ali wamkulu tanthauzo othandiza.

mayesero Mkhalidwe pa phenol. mndandanda

Mu ntchito mogwirizana kwa zinthu analandira zakudya zina zimene amakulolani anapereka zikuchokera Mkhalidwe zipangizo poyambira. chiwerengero cha mtundu anachita akusonyeza pamaso pa particles, magulu zinchito kuti ndi wofunika kwa kusanthula mankhwala. Mkhalidwe anachita kutsimikizira kuli phenol pa molekyulu wa thunthu onunkhira mphete ndipo o-magulu:

1. The njira ya phenol buluu litmus pepala wofiira.
2. Akuda phenols anachita anachita mu ofooka sing'anga zofunika ndi mchere diazonium. A chikasu kapena lalanje azo utoto.
3. Kodi anachitira ndi bromine madzi bulauni precipitate chimaoneka choyera tribromophenol.
4. Mu anachita ndi ferric kolorayidi njira zopezera phenoxide ferric - mankhwala buluu, Violet kapena zobiriwira coloration.

Kupeza phenols

Phenol Yopanga makampani ndi mbali ziwiri kapena zitatu. Mu gawo loyamba la propylene ndi benzene pamaso pa zotayidwa mankhwala enaake amapangidwa cumene (isopropylbenzene dzina wamba). The aone kuti pali zimene Friedel-Timatheriyali anachita: C6H5-HA + C3H6 = C9H12 (cumene). Benzene ndi propylene mu chiŵerengero 3: 1 anapitirira ndi chothandizira acidic. Makamaka, mmalo mwa miyambo chothandizira - zotayidwa mankhwala enaake - zosawononga chilengedwe choyera zeolites. Pa chomaliza makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa wochititsidwa ndi mpweya mu kukhalapo kwa asidi sulfuric: C6H5-C3H7 + O2 = C6H5-HA + C3H6O. phenols The n'kutheka kuti anachokera ku distillation wa malasha, ndi intermediates kupanga zinthu zina organic.

Ntchito phenols

alcohols zonunkhira ankagwiritsa ntchito mu mapulasitiki makampani, utoto, mankhwala ndi zinthu zina. karboliki asidi yopanga benzene ndi sitepe yoyamba polenga angapo ma polima, kuphatikizapo polycarbonates. Phenol ali anachitira ndi formaldehyde, phenol-formaldehyde resins analandira.

Cyclohexanol ndi zopangira kwa kupanga polyamides. Phenols ntchito ngati antiseptics ndi disinfectants mu deodorants, lotions. Ntchito kupeza phenacetin, salicylic ndi mankhwala ena. Phenols ntchito yopanga resins kuti ntchito mankhwala magetsi (masiwichi zokhazikapo). Iwo ntchito yokonza utoto azo monga phenylamine (aniline). Picric asidi, amene ali ofanana nawo nitro wa phenol ntchito kudetsa zimakhala mizinga kupanga.