Maselo waukulu organics

Chemical selo bungwe lili pamaso pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi mankhwala. Choncho anakhazikitsa pamaso pa macro- ndi microelements, madzi ndi mchere mchere. Ali selo ndi organic zipangizo, waukulu umene kudziwa katundu wake. mankhwala awa komanso kukhala ndi chiwerengero cha makhalidwe a chamoyo wonse. Tikumbukenso kuti mipweya ya selo zomera ndi nyama ndi zofanana mlingo atomiki. pali kusiyana pa mlingo maselo.

Ambiri organic zinthu maselo yodziwika kuti zikuchokera lawo kumaphatikizapo mamolekyulu lalikulu (macromolecules). Childs, iwo amatha kubwereza ofanana mu dongosolo ndi mankhwala otsika-maselo. mankhwala awa zogwirizana ndi chomangira covalent aumbike ndi monomers. The monomers, nayenso, kupanga molekyulu chimene chimatchedwa polima.

Yaikulu organics maselo - ndi mafuta, zidulo mkati chakudya mapuloteni.

mapulotini

Iwo chifukwa cha peresenti khumi kapena khumi ndi makumi awiri. ma polima izi osasamba muli amino zidulo monga monomers. Mapuloteni (poyerekeza ndi mankhwala ena) amanenedwa ndi ena nkhani yaikulu. Choyamba, maselo amenewa organic zinthu kulemera yaikulu maselo. Mwachitsanzo, kulemera maselo a minofu mapuloteni 15 00000 kDa, koma Mwachitsanzo, ethyl mowa - 46.

Monga mbali ya ma polima mapulotini anapeza pafupi twente amino zidulo. Aliyense ali ndi dongosolo yake, dzina, katundu. Kwa amino asidi molekyulu tiri ndi madera awiri. Mbali ina ndi chimodzimodzi kwa onse, kuphatikizapo ndi carboxylic asidi gulu ndi kwa amino gulu. Gawo lina ndi osiyana, ndipo amatchedwa "kwakukulu".

Mapuloteni kumathandiza wa gwero la mphamvu. Mkati maselo kuphwanya kwa amino zidulo mankhwala awa. Ena ntchito kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni, pamene gawo lina chimafikira kwambiri akuwaza ndondomeko. Pa yotsirizira ndi mphamvu adzamasulidwa.

chakudya

Izi maselo organics akupanga hayidirojeni, kaboni ndi oxygen. chakudya zonse anawagawa monosaccharides ndi polysaccharides. A kuchuluka kwa maselo yamasika ogwirizana ndi mzake, madzi kumasuka. Choncho, polysaccharide.

Chakudya m'gulu onyamula mudziwe cholowa - ndi zidulo mkati.

lipids

gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo zinthu mafuta ngati ndi mafuta mwachindunji. Lipids ndi dongosolo losiyana. Komabe, iwo onse anapatsa ndi katundu ambiri. Lipids ndi insoluble m'madzi, motero mosavuta sungunuka chloroform, benzene, efa ndi solvents zina organic.

Mafuta ndi mankhwala mafuta monga mbali yofunika kwambiri. Chiwerengero cha zamadzimadzi ndi kulemera youma - 5-15%. Choncho ena maselo zili ukufika 90%. Mafuta alipo mu mkaka zonse zolengedwa zoyamwitsa. Mu dolphin wamkazi, mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero cha mafuta mu mkaka - 40%.

zidulo mkati

Dzina la mankhwala awa anachokera ku mawu Latin "phata" (phata). zinthu zimenezi akhala kuzindikiridwa ndi olekanitsidwa Fridrihom Misherom maselo nucleated. allocated pawiri zikuphatikizapo phosphorous ndi asafe Mu 1869, chaka yanga Swiss.

zidulo mkati ndi mkulu kulemera mankhwala maselo. Iwo kuonetsetsa kuteteza ndi kufala kwa uthengawu ku maselo zamoyo. biopolymers awa anapanga mayunitsi monomer wa nucleotides, zomwe zili mu wambirimbiri. Nucleotides kudziwa makhalidwe yaikulu ya zamoyo.

DNA - polymeric molekyulu, chomwe ambiri monomers - deoxyribonucleotides. RNA ndi polima. The monomer momwemo mutuluka ribonucleotide.