Mankwala ma polima: Zitsanzo ndi ntchito

Mu chikhalidwe pali organometallic, organic ndi ma polima zochita kupanga. Kuti monga zipangizo zochita kupanga ndi zochita kupanga maziko ndi nthambi mbali si hydrocarbon ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira. Ndi kupanga ma polima zochita kupanga ndi zinthu zambiri okonda III-VI magulu a dongosolo nthawi ya zinthu mankhwala.

Gawo

Organic ndi zochita kupanga ma polima akhala mwachangu ankafufuza, anatsimikiza mtima zizindikiro zawo latsopano, gulu lenileni la zinthuzi silinakwaniritsidwe n'komwe. Komabe, n'zotheka kuonetsetsa magulu ena a ma polima.

Malinga dongosolo la:

• liniya;
• mosabisa;
• nthambi;
• Intaneti polima;
• atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena ndi zina.

Malinga unyolo maatomu waukulu kupanga polima:

• gomotsepnye mtundu (-M-) N - zigwirizana wa mtundu wa maatomu;
• kutayipa hetero (-ML-) N - zigwirizana osiyanasiyana maatomu.

Malinga anayambira:

• chachibadwidwe;
• yokumba.

Mupezeke mu zochita kupanga polima zinthu imene boma olimba ndi macromolecules, komanso ayenera anisotropy ena mwa dongosolo lawo okhudza malo ndi katundu kake.

Features Ofunika

More zofanana ma polima heterochain, mmene muli kusinthana electropositive ndi electronegative maatomu, monga B ndipo N, P ndi N, Si ndipo O. Pezani ma polima hetero zochita kupanga (NP) ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana polycondensation. Polycondensation oksoanionami inapita mu malo acidic, ndi polycondensation hydrated cations - mu zamchere. Polycondensation angathe kuchitidwa onse mu njira ndi zolimba pamaso pa kutentha.

Ambiri a ma polima hetero zochita kupanga akhoza zopezera yekha mu kaphatikizidwe mkulu-kutentha, mwachitsanzo, mwachindunji ku zinthu zophweka. Mapangidwe carbides, amene matupi polymeric akupezeka mogwirizana kwa ena oxides ndi mpweya, komanso pamaso pa kutentha.

Gomotsepnye yaitali unyolo (zina mwa polymerization N> 100) mawonekedwe a carbon ndi tsa-VI zinthu gulu sulfure, selenium, tellurium.

Mankwala ma polima: Zitsanzo ndi tanthauzo

The kulunjika ya NP ndi mapangidwe polymeric zipangizo crystalline ndi zonse kapangidwe atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena za macromolecules. Kupezeka kwa mafupa molimba kumangidwa mankhwala amapereka mankhwala amenewa kuuma ndithu.

katundu Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti ntchito monga abrasives, ma polima zochita kupanga. Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo wapeza ntchito lonse makampani.

The chapadera mankhwala ndi matenthedwe kukana IR ndi chuma chamtengo wapatali. Mwachitsanzo, ulusi ikuthandizira anapangidwa ndi ma polima organic ndi khola mu mpweya kutentha 150-220? C. Nthawiyi, boron CHIKWANGWANI ndi ena ofanana ndi khola kuti kutentha 650? C. N'chifukwa chake ma polima zochita kupanga akulonjeza kuti chitukuko cha mankhwala atsopano ndi zipangizo kutentha zosagwira.

kufunika othandiza komanso ndi NP, ndiwo onse pafupi katundu kwa organic ndi kusunga katundu wawo yeniyeni. Zikuphatikizapo phosphates, polyphosphazenes, silicates, polymeric oxides sulfure ndi magulu osiyana mbali.

ma polima mpweya

Ntchito "Perekani zitsanzo za ma polima zochita kupanga" - ambiri amene mabuku zimapangidwira. Iwo m'pofunika kuti muzikachita ponena za olemekezeka NP - zotumphukira mpweya. Ndipotu zimenezi ndi zipangizo ndi mikhalidwe yapadera: diamondi, graphite, carbine.

Carbyne - chongopeka analenga, bwino kuphunzira liniya polima ndi chosaneneka mphamvu mfundo, osati otsika, ndi ena maphunziro ndi graphene apamwamba. Komabe, carbine - chinthu chachinsinsi. Asayansi kuvomereza linakhalapo monga chuma wodziimira.

Ikukhala ngati zitsulo-crystalline wakuda ufa. Iwo ali katundu semiconducting. Madutsidwe carbyne kumawonjezera kwambiri pansi zochita za kuunika. Iye sasiya katundu izi ngakhale pa kutentha kwa 5000? C, omwe ndi apamwamba kuposa zipangizo zina cholinga chotere. Okonzeka zakuthupi 60 V. Korshak, AM Sladkov, VI Kasatochkin ndi YP Kudryavtsev acetylene ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni othandizira. Chinthu chovuta linayenera nsinga mawonekedwe pakati pa maatomu mpweya. Ndiyeno, chinthu chinapezeka yekha m'ndende awiri pakati pa maatomu mpweya pa Institute of organometallic mankhwala Akad. Pawiri buku dzina lake polikumulen.

Graphite - ndi zinthu polima inalamula amangonena mu ndege. zigawo zake si limodzi ndi nsinga mankhwala ndi ofooka intermolecular ankachita, choncho amachita kutentha ndi panopa ndi chiyani kachilombo kuwala. Graphite ndi ena ofanana - zachilendo ma polima zochita kupanga. Zitsanzo za ntchito: kuchokera mapensulo mafakitale nyukiliya. Oxidizing graphite, akhoza zopezera intermediates makutidwe ndi okosijeni.

Diamondi - katundu mwapadera. Diamondi ndi okhudza malo (atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena) polima. Onse ma atomu mpweya amakondana kwambiri ndi mgwirizano wolimba covalent. Chifukwa polima ndi cholimba kwambiri. Diamondi ndi nonconductive ndi kutentha, ali ndi dongosolo mandala.

boron ma polima

Ngati mwapemphedwa zimene ma polima zochita kupanga amadziwika kwa inu, omasuka kuyankha - ma polima boron (-BR-). Izi kalasi mwachilungamo lonse la NP, ankagwiritsa ntchito mu mafakitale ndi sayansi.

Boron carbide - zikuwoneka zolondola chilinganizo (B12C3) N. wagawo ake selo - rhombohedral. Chimango mawonekedwe khumi maatomu boron ndi covalently zogwirizana. Pakati pa izo - gulu liniya atatu mpweya maatomu covalently angongole. Chifukwa ndi kumanga yolimba kwambiri.

Borides - timibulu awo anapanga ngati carbide pamwambapa anafotokoza. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi kugonjetsedwa HfB2, amene chimasungunula yekha pa kutentha 3250 ° C. The kwambiri mankhwala bata taonera TaB2 - zilibe ntchito asidi kapena zosakaniza zace.

Boron nitride - zambiri amatchedwa woyera talc kwa zofanana. kufanana Iyi yekha weniweni. Amapanga, ndi yofanana ndi graphite. Kuzilandira izo ndi Kutentha kapena okusayidi boron mu chikhalidwe ammonia.

borazon

Elbor, Borazon, Kibora, kingsongit, CUBONE - ultrahard ma polima zochita kupanga. Zitsanzo za ntchito: kupanga mawilo akupera, zipangizo abrasive, zitsulo processing. Ndi mankhwala inert zinthu zochokera boron. Kuuma pafupi zipangizo diamondi ena. Makamaka, borazon kusiya zimakhalapo pa daimondi, ndi yamasika komanso masamba zimakhalapo pa timibulu borazon.

Komabe, izi NP ndi zinthu zambiri pa diamondi chachilengedwe: ali lalikulu ikukhudzana ndi kukana (kupirira kutentha kwa 2000 ° C, diamondi ndi adzitsitsa pa mitengo mu osiyanasiyana 700-800 ° C) ndi kukana mkulu katundu makina (sali Chimaona). Borazon chinapezeka pa 1350 ° C ndi mavuto 62000 Wentorf atmospheres Robert mu chaka cha 1957. Similar zipangizo Leningrad asayansi analandiridwa mu 1963.

Mankwala ma polima sulfure

Homopolymer - kusinthidwa izi sulfure ali molekyulu liniya. thunthu si khola pansi kusinthasintha kutentha igwera mu m'zinthu octahedral. Aumbike mwa nkhani lakhala osungunula sulfure.

Polima kusinthidwa wa woipa sulfure. zofanana kwambiri ndi asibesitosi, dongosolo fibrous.

selenium ma polima

Gray selenium - polima ndi mwauzimu macromolecules liniya ophatikizidwa mu kufanana. Maunyolo maatomu selenium ndi covalently zogwirizana ndi kugwirizana macromolecules nsinga maselo. Ngakhale osungunula kapena kusungunuka selenium si kuwola ndinso kubwerera maatomu umodzi.

Red kapena amorphous selenium anonso, unyolo polima, koma dongosolo malouporyadochennoy. Mu kutentha imeneyi 70-90? C amapeza katundu rubbery kudutsa mu elasticity mphira kuposa akufanana ma polima organic.

Carbide, selenium, kapena rhinestone. Thermally ndi mankhwala khola, mokwanira wangwiro okhudza malo krustalo. Ndipo piezoelectric michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi. Mu m'galasi iwo pa zimene a khwatsi mchenga ndi mpweya mu ng'anjo ya magetsi pa kutentha pafupifupi 2000 ° C.

Other selenium ma polima:

• Monoclinic selenium - kwambiri analamula kuposa wofiira amorphous, koma otsika ku imvi.
• Selenium dioxide, kapena (SiO2) N - akuimira atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena crosslinked polima.
• Asibesitosi - polima CHIKWANGWANI dongosolo selenium okusayidi.

phosphorous ma polima

Pali zosintha ambiri a phosphorous mwayera, wofiira, wakuda, wabulauni, wofiirira. Red - NP chabwino crystalline dongosolo. Iwo akamagwira Kutentha woyera phosphorous popanda mwayi wa mpweya pa kutentha kwa 2500? C. Black phosphorous P. Bridgman analandira m'mikhalidwe zotsatirazi: mavuto atmospheres 200,000 pa kutentha 200 ° C.

mankhwala phosphorous ndi asafe ndi chlorine - Fosfornitridhloridy. The katundu wa zinthuzi zimasiyana ndi kuwonjezeka misa. Ndipo amachepetsa solubility awo mu zinthu organic. Pamene kulemera maselo a polima ukufika mayunitsi zikwi zingapo, anapanga rubbery mankhwala. Ichi ndi chokhacho zokwanira kaboni ufulu kutentha zosagwira mphira. Akuwonongedwa yekha pa kutentha pamwamba 350 ° C.

Pomaliza

ma polima Mankwala mu chiwerengero - pa nkhaniyi ndi mikhalidwe yapadera. Iwo opangira, zomangamanga, kuti akonze zipangizo nzeru ndiponso woukira boma. Monga kuphunzira kwa katundu wa NP odziwika ndi watsopano, kuchuluka kwawo likukula.