Mapulasitiki luso, mitundu, kupanga ndi ntchito

Polymeric zipangizo - mkulu mankhwala maselo mankhwala kuti zigwirizana monomers ambiri malomolekulyarnyh (mayunitsi) ya kapangidwe chomwecho. Nthawi zambiri ma polima ntchito kupanga izi zigawo monomer: ethylene, vinilu enaake, vinildenhlorid, vinilu nthochi, propylene, methylmethacrylate, tetrafluoroethylene, styrene, urea, melamine, formaldehyde, phenol. M'nkhani ino tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane katundu polymeric, komanso mankhwala awo ndi thupi katundu, gulu ndi mitundu.

Mitundu ya ma polima

Nkhani ina mamolekyulu wa nkhaniyi ndi yaikulu maselo kulemera, womwe ndi phindu zotsatirazi: M> 5 * 103. Mankhwala ndi mlingo m'munsi mwa chizindikiro ichi (M = 500-5000), amatchedwa oligomers. Pa mankhwala otsika maselo kulemera ndi zosakwana 500. Mitundu zotsatirazi zipangizo polymeric: kupanga ndi masoka. Yotsirizira nthawi zambiri amanena mphira zachilengedwe, Mica, ubweya, asibesitosi, mapadi, ndipo T. D. Komabe, zofunika ma polima kupanga zatenga malo khalidwe amene analandira ndi ndondomeko ya mankhwala kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala mlingo wochepa maselo. Malinga njira zotsimikizira zipangizo mkulu-maselo, amadziŵika ma polima kuti ndinu kapena polycondensation, kapena ndi Kuwonjezera anachita.

polymerization

Zimenezi ndi bungwe la zigawo otsika maselo kulemera mu thupi mkulu maselo kupereka unyolo yaitali. Kuchuluka kwa mlingo polymerization - chiwerengero "mer" mu mamolekyulu wa zikuchokera. Nthawi zambiri, zipangizo polymeric ali pamtunda kwa zikwizikwi mayunitsi. Ndi polymerization, ndi mankhwala zotsatirazi Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito: polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl enaake, polytetrafluoroethylene, polystyrene, polybutadiene, ndi ena.

polycondensation

Zimenezi ndi sitepe Poyankha, umene uli pawiri kapena ambiri monomers zofanana, kapena nsapato magulu osiyana (A ndi B) mu polycondensors (macromolecule) ndi mapangidwe munthawi yomweyo izi mwa-mankhwala: mowa methyl, carbon dioxide, mankhwala enaake a hydrogen, amoniya, madzi ndi neri Al. Kugwiritsa analandira polycondensation silicones, polysulfones, polycarbonates, aminoplasts, phenolics, polyesters, polyamides ndi zipangizo zina polymeric.

polyaddition

Mu ndondomeko kumvetsa mapangidwe ma polima mu zochita angapo Kuwonjezera zigawo zikuluzikulu monomeric amene ali zotakasika kucheza malire, ndi monomers a magulu unsaturated (m'zinthu yogwira kapena awiri chomangira). Mosiyana polycondensation ndi, polyaddition anachita chikuchitika popanda kumaliseche ndi-mankhwala. Ntchito yaikulu kwambiri njira imeneyi ndikukhulupirira kuchiritsa epoxy resins ndi polyurethanes phwando.

gulu la ma polima

Mu zikuchokera, zipangizo zonse polima anawagawa zochita kupanga, organic ndi organometallic. The woyamba (silicate magalasi, Mica, asibesitosi, ziwiya zadothi, etc.) Kodi mulibe atomiki mpweya. Iwo ndiwo maziko a okusayidi zotayidwa, magnesium, pakachitsulo ndi zina zotero. D. Organic ma polima mzati weni weni wa kalasi yaikulu, iwo ali ndi mpweya wa hydrogen, asafe, sulfure, mpweya ndi halogen. Organometallic polymeric zipangizo - ndi mankhwala amene wapangidwa unyolo akuluakulu ena kuposa tazitchula, ndipo maatomu pakachitsulo, zotayidwa, titaniyamu ndi zinthu zina zomwe zingagwiritsidwe pamodzi ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira organic. Chikhalidwe cha ma zimenezi zisadzachitike. Ndi basi kupanga ma polima. oimira Chitsanzo cha gulu ili ndi mankhwala pa maziko silikoni, amene unyolo waukulu wamangidwa kwa mpweya ndi pakachitsulo maatomu.

Kupeza ma polima ndi katundu anakhumba kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito luso simuli "oyera" Thupi ndi ma zake ndi zigawo organic kapena zochita kupanga. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi polima zomangira: zitsulo-mapulasitiki, fiberglass, polima konkire.

Kapangidwe ka ma polima ndi

The peculiarity wa katundu wa zinthuzi chifukwa dongosolo lawo lomwe, nayenso lagawidwa mitundu zotsatirazi: liniya-nthambi, liniya, ndi okhudza malo magulu maselo ndi nyumba zikuluzikulu ndi zenizeni kwambiri zojambula ndi masitepe. Tiyeni tiphunzire mwachidule aliyense wa iwo.

zipangizo Polymeric ndi liniya-nthambi dongosolo kuposa mamolekyulu msana nthambi mbali. ma polima zimenezo zimaphatikizapo polypropylene ndi polyisobutylene.

Zida ndi dongosolo liniya ndi yokhotakhota yaitali kapena anapotoza mu unyolo helix. macromolecules awo makamaka yodziwika ndi kubwereza wa dziko structural wagawo munthu kapena gulu la mayunitsi wa unyolo mankhwala. Ma polima ndi dongosolo liniya yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa macromolecules yaitali kwambiri ndi kusiyana yokulirapo mu chikhalidwe cha kumangidwa pamodzi unyolo ndi pakati pawo. Tikutanthauza intermolecular ndi mankhwala kumangigwa. Macromolecules zinthu ndi kusintha kwambiri. Ndipo chuma maziko a unyolo polima, imbaenda makhalidwe qualitatively latsopano: elasticity mkulu, komanso kusapezeka kwa brittleness mu boma anawachiritsa.

Ndipo tsopano ife kudziwa kuti zomangira polymeric ndi dongosolo okhudza malo. zinthu izi kupanga ndi kaphatikizidwe aliyense macromolecules ena amphamvu nsinga mankhwala malangizo yopingasa. Chifukwa ndi dongosolo khoka, amene ali si yunifolomu okhudza malo gululi chimango. Ma polima wa mtundu uwu ndi apamwamba kutentha kukana ndi chinthu chimodzimodzi kuposa liniya. zinthuzi maziko ambiri zipangizo sanali zachitsulo yomanga.

Mamolekyulu zipangizo polima ndi dongosolo makwerero wapangidwa ndi awiri maunyolo amene ogwirizana ndi mankhwala muzikondana. Zikuphatikizapo ma polima silikoni kuti yodziwika ndi kuchuluka chinthu chimodzimodzi, kutentha kukana Komanso iwo alibe kucheza ndi mankhwala ndiponso.

Gawo zikuchokera ma polima ndi

zinthuzi kachitidwe kuti zigwirizana zigawo amorphous ndi crystalline. The woyamba kumathandiza kuchepetsa stiffness, zimapangitsa zotanuka polima amatha deformations yaikulu ya chikhalidwe kusintha. Gawo crystalline kumathandiza kuonjezera mphamvu zawo, kuuma, zotanuka modulus, ndipo magawo ena, pamene kuchepetsa ndi maselo kusinthasintha mankhwala. The chiŵerengero cha buku la madera onsewa voliyumu okwana akutchedwa mlingo wa crystallization, mmene mlingo pazipita (80%) ndi polypropylenes, fluoropolymers, mkulu osalimba polyethylenes. A mlingo m'munsi mlingo wa crystallization ndi polyvinylchlorides, polyethylenes wa kachulukidwe otsika.

Malinga ndi khalidwe la zipangizo polymeric pa Kutentha, iwo akhoza kugawidwa mu thermosetting ndi thermoplastic.

thermosetting ma polima

zinthuzi chachikulu ndi dongosolo liniya. Pamene usavutike, iwo kufewetsa, koma kusintha kapangidwe mu okhudza malo ndi chuma n'kukhala olimba chifukwa cha kutayikira mu zochita mankhwala. M'tsogolo, khalidwe limeneli anakhalabe. Pa mfundo imeneyi polymeric zipangizo gulu. Kutentha anayamba sakufewetsa chuma, ndi kokha kumabweretsa kudzitsitsa ake. Wokonzeka thermosetting osakaniza si kupasuka kapena kusungunula, choncho sankaloledwa yobwezeretsanso. Ndi mtundu wa zinthu monga epoxy silicones, phenol-formaldehyde ndi resins ena.

ma polima thermoplastic

zinthuzi pamene mkangano, choyamba iodzafewa ndipo kenako kusungunula ndi solidifies kuzirala wotsatira. ma polima Thermoplastic pamene processing otero safuna zimasintha mankhwala. Izi zimapangitsa ndondomeko kwathunthu kusintha. Zinthu za mtundu uwu ndi liniya kapena nthambi liniya Kapangidwe ka macromolecules, Pakati pali mphamvu yaing'ono, ndipo pali alibiretu nsinga mankhwala. Zikuphatikizapo polyethylene, polyamide, polystyrene, ndi ena. Luso la zipangizo polymeric monga thermoplastic amapereka kupanga awo ndi akamaumba jekeseni madzi-yozizira mitundu akamaumba, extrusion, akamaumba nkhonya, ndi njira zina.

katundu mankhwala

ma polima Mwina amatchedwa zinthu zotsatirazi: olimba, madzi, amorphous, crystalline gawo, ndipo kwambiri zotanuka, viscous otaya ndi mapindikidwe galasi. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zipangizo polymeric chifukwa kukana awo okwezeka atolankhani osiyanasiyana zikuwononga, monga zidulo anaikira ndi alkalis. Iwo sali atengeke dzimbiri electrochemical. Komanso, ndi kuwonjezeka maselo kulemera zakuthupi ndi kuchepa kwa solubility mu mankhwala ndiponso. Ndipo ma polima ndi dongosolo okhudza malo, zambiri si poyera kuti anati madzi.

thupi katundu

ma polima ambiri insulators, kuwonjezera, iwo si a maginito zipangizo. Za zipangizo zonse ntchito structural yekha ali otsika matenthedwe madutsidwe ndi pazipita kutentha mphamvu, ndi matenthedwe shrinkage (za nthawi makumi awiri woposa wa zitsulo). Chifukwa imfa ya zikayamba waukulu osiyana kusindikiza pa otsika kutentha ndi otchedwa vitrification labala, komanso kusiyana kochititsa chidwi pakati pa koefishienti cha kukula kwa zitsulo ndi mphira mu boma vitrified.

katundu mawotchi

zipangizo Polymeric ndi osiyanasiyana katundu makina amene ali amadalira kwambiri dongosolo lawo. Kupatula Choncho, ndi chikoka chachikulu pa katundu makina cha chuma akhoza osiyanasiyana zinthu zina. Zikuphatikizapo :. Kutentha, pafupipafupi, nthawi, kapena mlingo wa potsegula, mtundu wa boma anatsindika, kuthamanga, chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe, kutentha mankhwala, etc. The peculiarity wa katundu makina zipangizo polymeric mphamvu zawo ndi mkulu pa stiffness otsika kwambiri (poyerekeza zitsulo).

ma polima akhoza kugawidwa olimba womwe kwa modulus wa elasticity E = 1,10 GPa (CHIKWANGWANI, film, pulasitiki), ndi Zipangizo zofewa elastomeric, elasticity modulus ndi E = 1-10 MPa (labala). Ndipo limagwirira za kuwonongedwa kwa onse osiyana.

Zipangizo polymeric yodziwika ndi anisotropy kutchulidwa kwa katundu, komanso kuchepetsa mphamvu, ingayambe chitukuko anapereka potsegula yaitali. Pa nthawi yomweyo ali ndi kukana mwachilungamo mkulu kuti kutopa. Poyerekeza ndi zitsulo, ali kudalira kwambiri amphamvu katundu makina pa kutentha. Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zazikulu zipangizo polymeric ndi deformability (ductility). Malinga ndi chizindikiro ichi mu osiyanasiyana kutentha anavomerezedwa kuunikira ntchito ndi njira zamakono katundu zazikulu.

zipangizo Polymeric kwa pansi

Tsopano, taganizirani chimake chimodzi cha angagwiritsire ntchito ma polima, disclosing osiyanasiyana zonse zitheka kwa zinthuzi. zinthu izi apeza ntchito lonse yomanga ndi kukonza ndi ntchito kuwamaliza, makamaka mu ❖ kuyanika wa mbewu. Kutchuka yaikulu chifukwa ndi makhalidwe a zinthu mu funso: iwo ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi kumva kuwawa, maloteploprovodny, madzi pang'ono mayamwidwe, mphamvu zokwanira ndi cholimbanso, makhalidwe mkulu wa utoto. Kupanga zipangizo polymeric zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: linoleum (mpukutu), mankhwala pepala ndi zosakaniza chipangizo screed. Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane mwachidule pa aliyense wa iwo.

Linoleum umatulutsa zosiyanasiyana fillers ndi ma polima. zikuchokera awo akhoza mulinso plasticizers, zothandizira processing, ndi inki. Malinga mtundu wa zinthu polima, kusiyanitsa poliyesitala (Gliphtal), polyvinyl enaake, labala, kolloksilinovye ndi zokutira ena. Komanso, iwo amapanga ogaŵikana mabodza ndi sound-, chimateteza maziko unilamellar ndi multilamellar, ndi yosalala, corrugated ndi fleecy pamwamba ndi wosakwatira ndi Mipikisano mtundu.

Chindwi zipangizo anapanga zochokera zigawo polymeric, ndi kumva kuwawa kukana otsika kwambiri, mankhwala kukana ndi durability. Malinga mtundu wa zopangira, mtundu wa mankhwala polima anawagawa kumaronopolivinilhloridnye coumarone, PVC, labala fenolitovye, matailosi phula, komanso tinthu bolodi ndi fiberboard.

Zipangizo screeds ndi yabwino kwambiri ndi ukhondo ntchito, ali ndi mphamvu yapamwamba. zosakaniza izi zikhoza kugawidwa mu Polymer-, polima konkire ndi polyvinyl nthochi.