Makhalidwe a sulfa. Kugwiritsa sulfure. Medical sulfure

Chalcogens - zinthu gulu amatanthauza sulfure ndi. cizindikilo mankhwala - S - kalata yoyamba ya Latin dzina la Sulfa. Zikuchokera yosavuta mankhwala analemba chizindikiro ichi popanda index. Taganizirani mfundo zikuluzikulu zokhudza kukonza, katundu, Kukonzekera ndi kugwiritsa mchitidwe uwu. mbali sulfure Adzaperekedwa mwatsatanetsatane mmene angathere.

mbali ndi kusiyana Common chalcogen

Sulfa yokhudza subgroup wa oxygen. Izi ndi timu 16 mu masiku kuleza nthawi kupanga chifaniziro cha dongosolo zodziwitsa (PS). zipinda ndi lothandiza index - kudzera. Mayina a zinthu mankhwala a gulu, zizindikiro mankhwala:

• mpweya (O);
• sulfure (S);
• selenium (Se);
• tellurium (Te);
• polonium (Po).

Lakunja elekitironi chipolopolo zinthu anakonza pamwamba chimodzimodzi. Lili onse asanu ma elekitironi valence zomwe kutenga nawo mbali mu mapangidwe kumangidwa mankhwala ndi maatomu ena. mankhwala a hydrogen ndi kapangidwe H ₂ R, mwachitsanzo, H ₂ S - sulfide wa hydrogen. Mayina a zinthu mankhwala kupanga ndi mpweya mitundu iwiri ya mankhwala: sulfure, selenium ndi tellurium. oxides General mitunduyi ya zinthu izi - Aroma _2, Aroma _3.

Chalcogen zizigwirizana zinthu yosavuta, amene amasiyana kwambiri svostvam thupi. Ambiri mu kutumphuka wa chalcogen onse - mpweya ndi sulfure. Amafotokozera loyamba limatanthauzira mpweya awiri, wachiwiri - pa zolimba. Polonium - ndi nyukiliya mchitidwe - osowa matanthwe a pansi padziko. Mu gulu la mpweya polonium katundu zachitsulo kuchepa ndi kuchuluka kwa zitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, sulfure - lililonse nonmetal ndi tellurium ali ndi zachitsulo luster ndi madutsidwe magetsi.

№ mchitidwe 16 dongosolo nthawi Di Mendeleev

Wachibale atomiki kulemera sulfure - 32,064. La ambiri achilengedwe isotope ³² S (kuposa 95% ndi kulemera). Anapeza zedi ang'onoang'ono nuclides ndi misa atomiki wa 33, 34 ndi 36. Khalidwe la sulfa pa nkhaniyi mu SS ndi kapangidwe atomiki:

• siriyo chiwerengero - 16;
• kuyang'anira maatomu 16;
• atomiki utali wozungulira - 0,104 nm;
• ionization mphamvu ya -10,36 EV;
• wachibale electronegativity - 2.6;
• mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni mu mankhwala - +6, +4, +2, -2;
• valence - II (-), II (+), IV (+), VI (+).

Sulfa ndi nthawi yachitatu; ma elekitironi mu atomu ili pa mbali zitatu mphamvu: choyamba - 2, wachiwiri - 8, - wachitatu 6. valence ma elekitironi zonse kunja. Pamene zimavuta ndi zinthu zambiri electronegative sulfure amapereka 4 kapena 6 ma elekitironi, kupeza mmene makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma +6, +4. Zimene ndi wa hydrogen ndi atomu zitsulo atamukoka ma elekitironi akusowa octets awiri kudzaza ndi kukwaniritsa khazikika. The makutidwe ndi okosijeni mu nkhani iyi ndi adatchithisira kuti -2.

The thupi katundu wa rhombic ndi mitundu monoclinic allotropic

M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, maatomu sulfure amalowana mukulumikizidwa pamodzi pa makona mu dera khola. Iwo akhoza kutseka mu mphete, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kuli tinthu ozungulira sulfure. Zikuchokera chilinganizo kusonyeza S ₆ S _8.

mbali sulfure ayenera wodzilemekeza kufotokoza kusiyana zosintha allotropic ndi katundu osiyana thupi.

Rhombic kapena α-sulfure - khola kwambiri crystalline mawonekedwe. Izi yowala timibulu chikasu, wopangidwa mwa mamolekyulu S _8. rhombic sulfure kachulukidwe ndi 2,07 g / cm3. timibulu kuwala chikasu ya monoclinic mawonekedwe β-anapanga sulfure pa osalimba a 1,96 g / cm3. Kuwira mfundo ukufika 444,5 ° C.

Kukonzekera sulfure amorphous

Kodi mtundu ndi sulfure mu mkhalidwe pulasitiki? Izi ndi woderapo misa, ofanana zedi ndi ufa koma wachikasu kapena mibulu. Kupeza, muyenera kusungunula ndi rhombic kapena monoclinic sulfure. Pa kutentha pamwamba 110 ° C madzi aumbike, kanthawi Kutentha izo darkens pa 200 ° C amakhala wakuda ndi viscous. Ngati mofulumira kutsanulira sulfure osungunula mu madzi ozizira, ikamauma kupanga zig-zag unyolo, lomwe dongosolo amasonyeza chilinganizo S _N.

The solubility sulfure

Ena zosintha ndi zinthu sungunuka mpweya disulfide, benzene, toluene kapena amoniya madzi. Ngati utakhazikika pang'onopang'ono njira organic ndiye anapanga masingano monoclinic sulfure. Pakuti evaporation zakumwa kuima timibulu bwino ndimu-chikasu ya rhombic sulfure. Iwo zofooka, zikhoza pogaya kuti ufa. Sulfa ndi insoluble m'madzi. makhiristo kumira pansi chotengeracho, ndi ufa akhoza tiwolokere padziko (sanali wettable).

katundu mankhwala

zochita amaoneka lililonse nonmetallic katundu mchitidwe № 16:

• sulfure oxidizes zitsulo ndi wa hydrogen, yafupika S ^2- ion;
• kuyaka kwa mpweya ndi mpweya amapangidwa di- ndi sulfure trioxide, amene anhydrides asidi;
• mmene anachitira ndi wina mchitidwe zambiri electronegative - fluoro - Sulfa komanso wotaya ma elekitironi ake (oxidize).

Free sulfure m'chilengedwe

Monga kuchuluka la sulfa m'magawo kutumphuka padziko lapansi ndi pa malo 15 mwa zinthu mankhwala a. Okhutira avareji S maatomu mu miyala ndi mchere ndi 0,05% mwa kulemera kwa matanthwe a.

Kodi mtundu ndi sulfure mu chikhalidwe (mbadwa)? Izi kuwala chikasu ufa ndi fungo khalidwe kapena timibulu chikasu kukhala luster galasi. Madipoziti mu mawonekedwe a madipoziti, zigawo crystalline sulfure m'madera cha kuphulika kwa mapiri zakale ndi zamakono ku Italy, Poland, Middle East, Japan, Mexico, United States. Nthawi zambiri m'zigawo za drusen ndi wokongola ndi chimphona timibulu umodzi.

Haidrojeni sulphide ndi oxides m'chilengedwe

M'madera chiphala ili pamwamba pa gaseous pawiri sulfure. Black nyanja pa akuya oposa 200 mamita lilibe moyo chifukwa cha kulekana kwa sulfide wa hydrogen H ₂ S. The chilinganizo okusayidi divalent sulfure - CHONCHO _2, trivalent - CHONCHO _3. Izi mankhwala gaseous alipo mu zikuchokera ena a mafuta, mafuta, madzi achilengedwe. Sulfa ndi m'gulu zikuchokera malasha. M'pofunika yomanga mankhwala ambiri organic. Pamene inali kuwola mapulotini mazira nkhuku anamasulidwa sulfide wa hydrogen, kotero zoziwika bwino kuti mpweya fungo la mazira owola. Sulfa limabweretsa zinthu biogenic, m'pofunika kuti kukula ndi chitukuko cha munthu, nyama ndi zomera.

Zimene sulphides zachilengedwe ndi sulphates

Makhalidwe a sulfa adzakhala chosakwanira ngati sizikutanthauza kuti chinthu ndicho osati maonekedwe a chinthu yosavuta okusayidi. Ambiri mankhwala achilengedwe - ndi mchere asidi sulfuric ndi sulfide wa hydrogen. Sulfides wa yamkuwa, yachitsulo, nthaka, Mercury, mtovu opezeka zikuchokera mchere chalcopyrite, galasi, sphalerite, galena, ndi cinnabar. Kuyambira sulfates akhoza kutchulidwa sodium, calcium, barium ndi magnesium salt amene amapanga mu mchere chikhalidwe ndi miyala (mirabilite, gypsum, selenite, barite, kieserite, epsomite). Zonse mankhwala awa ntchito zamanja zosiyanasiyana za chuma, ntchito ngati zipangizo processing mafakitale, feteleza, zipangizo yomanga. wapatali mankhwala a crystalline ena.

phwando

yellow mankhwala m'chigawo ufulu amapezeka mu chikhalidwe pa kuya osiyana. Ngati ndi kotheka, sulufule isungunuke ku miyala popanda kulera iwo pamwamba, pamene ikukoka kuya koopsa nthunzi ndipo mpweya wothinikizidwa. njira ina ikukhudza sublimation wa miyala wolapadi ng'anjo wapadera. njira zina zimagwiritsa kuvunda kwa mpweya disulfide kapena asamire.

amafuna makampani Sulfa chachikulu, kotero kupeza mankhwala ake elemental ntchito pawiri. The sulfide hydrogen ndi sulfide sulfure ali yafupika mawonekedwe. The makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma la amafotokozera ndi wofanana -2. Sulfa makutidwe ndi okosijeni ikuchitika ndi kuwonjezera phindu kwa 0. Mwachitsanzo, njira LeBlanc ndi sodium sulphate yafupika sulfide mpweya. Ndiye kuwapeza sulfide calcium, alandire ndi mpweya woipa ndi nthunzi. Chifukwa sulfide wa hydrogen ndi oxidized ndi mpweya mumlengalenga pamaso pa chothandizira ndi: 2H ₂ S + O ₂ = 2H ₂ O + 2S. Khama la sulfa analandira m'njira zosiyanasiyana, nthawi zina amapereka otsika zizindikiro chiyero. Kuyenga kapena kuyeretsedwa ikuchitika ndi distillation, rectification, processing zosakaniza zidulo.

The ntchito sulfure mafakitale zamakono

Granular sulfure amapita zosowa zosiyana kupanga:

1. Kukonzekera asidi sulfuric makampani mankhwala a.
2. Yopanga sulfites ndi sulfates.
3. Kumasulidwa kukonzekera feteleza zomera, matenda ndi tizilombo toononga.
4. Sulfa-munali ores mu migodi ndi mankhwala zomera kukonzedwa kwa zitsulo nonferrous. kupanga Concomitant ali ndi asidi sulfuric.
5. Mawu oyamba a ena sukulu ya chitsulo opatsa katundu wapadera.
6. Chifukwa vulcanizing mphira analandira mphira.
7. Yopanga machesi, pyrotechnics, mabomba.
8. Ntchito yokonza utoto, inki, ulusi kupanga.
9. Oyeretsa nsalu.

Kawopsedwe a sulfa ndi mankhwala ake

Dusts particles ndi chinthu chosangalatsa fungo, limakhumudwitsa nembanemba mucous wa m'mphuno ndi kapepala kupuma, maso ndi khungu. Koma kawopsedwe elemental sulfure si makamaka mkulu. Inhalation cha sulfide hydrogen ndi woipa zingachititse poizoni kwambiri.

Ngati Kukuwotcha miyala sulufule munali mu smelters mpweya utsi osati atsekerezedwa, ilowa m'mlengalenga. Kulumikiza ndi madontho nthunzi ya madzi, oxides sulfure ndi kuwuka asafe perekani kwa otchedwa mvula acid.

Sulfa ndi mankhwala ake mu ulimi

Zomera zimawononga sulphate ayoni pamodzi ndi yankho nthaka. Kuchepetsa zili sulfure kumabweretsa pang'onopang'ono pansi mu wobiriwira maselo kagayidwe wa amino zidulo ndi mapuloteni. Choncho sulfates ntchito feteleza mbewu ulimi.

Mankhwala nyumba nkhuku, kosungira, masitolo masamba yosavuta mankhwala kutenthedwa kapena mankhwala zipangizo zamakono mankhwala sulfa. okusayidi sulfure nazo katundu antimicrobial kuti akhala anapeza ntchito mu yopanga vinyo pamene kusungidwa masamba ndi zipatso. mankhwala sulfure ntchito ngati mankhwala kwa kulamulira matenda ndi tizilombo toononga (powdery cinoni ndi akangaude).

Ntchito mankhwala

zofunika kwambiri kuphunzira mankhwala a ufa koma wachikasu anapatsa madokotala lalikulu la masiku amakedzana Avicenna ndi Paracelsus. Patapita anatsimikiza kuti munthuyo si kupeza sulfure mokwanira kuchokera imafoola chakudya, ankadwala (monga kuyabwa ndi flaking wa khungu, tsitsi ndi misomali kufooka). mfundo ndi yakuti popanda sulfure chakhungu kaphatikizidwe amino zidulo, keratin, njira amuzolengedwa mu thupi.

Medical sulfure inalowa mu mafuta zochizira matenda apakhungu: ziphuphu zakumaso, chikanga, psoriasis, ziwengo, seborrhea. Osambira ndi sulfure kungathetse ululu la misempha ndi gout. Pakuti bwino mayamwidwe ndi thupi kulenga madzi sungunuka mankhwala a sulfa mankhwala. Izi si ufa koma wachikasu, chabwino crystalline woyera mankhwala. Ntchito panja pawiri izi kutumikiridwa mu zodzikongoletsera kusamalira khungu.

Gypsum wachita kale ntchito immobilization a mbali yovulala ya thupi. mchere Glauber a Kwalamulidwa monga mankhwala mankhwala ofewetsa tuvi tolimba. Magnesia Sachita magazi kuti ntchito mankhwala a matenda oopsa.

Sulfa mu mbiri

Ngakhale kalelo nonmetallic mankhwala maluwa chikasu kukopa tcheru munthu. Koma 1789, a sayansi yaikulu Lavoisier anapeza kuti ufa ndi timibulu zopezeka mu chikhalidwe lopangidwa maatomu sulfure. Iye akhapidziwa kuti malodor akuwuka pa kuyaka ake, sichisangalatsa zoipa zonse. Chilinganizo okusayidi sulfure, amene analandira ndi kuyaka, - CHONCHO ₂ (silika). Izi poizoni mpweya inhalation ndi ngozi thanzi. Nthawi zingapo misa kutha kwa midzi yonse ya anthu pa magombe, mu otsika asayansi kufotokoza Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa dziko kapena madzi a hydrogen sulphide kapena woipa sulfure.

Kutulukira onga anayamba kuchita chidwi kwambiri ndi timibulu chikasu ndi asilikali. nkhondo zambiri anali anapambana chifukwa cha luso la ambuye kuphatikiza sulfure ndi zinthu zina kupanga ya mabomba. Pawiri chofunika kwambiri - asidi sulfuric - anaphunziranso mmene ntchito nthawi yayitali. Mu Middle Ages, ndi chinthu otchedwa mafuta a vitriol ndi mchere - sulphate. Mkuwa sulfate ndi CuSO _{4 ndi} chitsulo sulphate FeSO ₄ akadali sanataye kufunika makampani komanso ulimi.