Kumverera - Chili kuwerenga maganizo? Zotengeka ndi kuzindikira mu zamaganizo

moyo wa munthu wodzala ndi zokumana nazo zosiyanasiyana umayenda mwa kachitidwe kachipangizo. Chodabwitsa losavuta njira zonse za maganizo - ndi zotengeka. Palibe zachibadwa kwa ife, pamene ife tikuwona, akumva, kumva zowawa za zinthu.

Lingaliro la kumverera mu zamaganizo

N'chifukwa chiyani mutu enieni: "Timatha"? Psychology zodabwitsazi wakhala anaphunzira kwa ndithu nthawi yaitali, kuyesera kupereka tanthauzo bwino. Pakali pano, asayansi kufunabe azindikire dziko mkati ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa anthu. Kumverera - ndi mu kuwerenga maganizo onse a ndondomeko ndi makhalidwe ena ndi makhalidwe a zinthu ndi zochitika zenizeni mu mawu mmene mwachindunji pa maganizo. ankatha kupeza zoterezi zinachitikira khalidwe la zamoyo, zomwe ndi dongosolo mantha. Ndipo tanthauzo amazindikira zamoyo ayenera ubongo.

Mbali yaikulu pamaso yatsoka umenewu ndondomeko maganizo yodziwika irritability yosavuta, chifukwa chimene kusankha poyankha zotsatira yofunika kwambiri ya chilengedwe kunja kapena mkati. Chisoni ankalemekeza limodzi ndi kusintha kwa boma ndi khalidwe la chamoyo moyo, n'zimene chidwi wa zamaganizo ambiri.

Kumverera - izi ndi kuwerenga maganizo a ulalo choyamba mu chidziwitso cha dziko lakunja ndi mumtima. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zodabwitsazi, kaya zikuchitika pa yotulutsa iwo. Izi zinthu kapena zochitika ndi akulumikizana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphamvu, choncho, kupanga zosiyanasiyana khalidwe kumva: aural, dermal, masomphenya. Mu maganizo, komanso amene amapanga maganizo kugwirizana ndi kachitidwe minofu ndi mafupa ndi ziwalo. zochitika amenewa anamvetsa mwa munthu. The kuchotserapo yekha ndi zomverera zopweteka zimene zimabwera kuchokera ku ziwalo zina mkati. Iwo samafuna dera la manyazi, koma zazindikirika ndi wamanjenje dongosolo. Komanso, munthu afika mmene imakhudzana ndi mfundo monga nthawi, mathamangitsidwe, kugwedera, ndi zinthu zina zofunika.

Chingalimbikitse analyzers athu ali mu atomu mafunde amene amagwa mu osiyanasiyana ena.

zomverera khalidwe

Malamulo a kutengeka kuwerenga maganizo ndi kupereka malongosoledwe a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Gulu loyamba chikukhudza nthawi ina wakale. Bukuli lili analyzers akanadziŵa mitundu monga kununkhiza, kulawa, kukhudza, kuona ndi kumva.

Gawo lina la kutengeka zamaganizo anapereka B. G. Ananevym (kusankha 11 mitundu). Palinso kufanizitsa mwadongosolo analembedwa ndi English physiologist Sherrington. Pamafunikanso interoceptive, proprioceptive ndi mitundu exteroceptive wa zomverera. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Interoceptive mtundu wa zotengeka: Kufotokozera

Mtundu wa zotengeka amapereka chizindikiro kwa chilengedwe mkati, kuchokera ku ziwalo zosiyanasiyana ndi machitidwe amene yodziwika ndi magawo ena. Zolandilira kulandira chizindikiro kwa dongosolo m'mimba (mwa mimba ndi khoma matumbo), dongosolo mtima (mtima ndi magazi chotengera makoma) kwa minofu minofu ndi machitidwe ena. nyumba amenewa mitsempha amatchedwa - zolandilira chilengedwe mkati.

maganizo amenewa a gulu amakezana ndi achikale. Iwo yodziwika ndi kukomoka, akakufunsani ndipo kwambiri boma maganizo. dzina lina pasukuluyi maganizo - organic.

Lembani zomverera proprioceptive: Kufotokozera

Information za mkhalidwe wa thupi lathu, amapatsa munthu kutengeka proprioceptive. Mu maganizo, kudziwa subtypes angapo wa mtundu uwu, womwe ndi kumverera kwa malo amodzi (mgwirizano) ndi kinesthetic (gulu). Minofu ndi mafupa (tendons ndi Mitsemphayi) - malo a kutanthauzira kwa maselo a. Dzina mbali za tcheru chidwi kwambiri - ng'ombe Pachchini. Ngati ife kulankhula za maselo zotumphukira zomverera proprioceptive, iwo isanafalikire mu tubules wa khutu lamkati.

Lingaliro la kumverera mu kuwerenga kwa maganizo ndi psychophysiology kuphunzira bwino. Ichi chidachitika ndi A. A. Orbeli, P. K. Anohin, N. A. Bernshteyn.

Exteroceptive mtundu zomverera: Kufotokozera

Izi zomverera anthu kulankhula ndi dzikoli, ndi kugwera mu kukhudzana (chogwirika ndi kukoma) ndi kutali (Makutu, olfactory ndi zomverera zooneka kuwerenga maganizo).

Olfactory kumverera mu kuwerenga maganizo ndi maganizo asayansi, chifukwa iwo sakudziwa kumene ndendende kuziyika izo. Zinthu zomwe limatulutsa fungo, ndi pa mtunda, koma kukoma mamolekyulu ndi anakumana ndi maselo a m'mphuno. Kapena kuti chinthu salinso pano, ndi fungo akadali mu mlengalenga. Komanso zomverera olfactory ndi zofunika kudziwa kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya ndi mankhwala khalidwe.

Intermodal zomverera: Kufotokozera

Monga momwe zinalili ndi kununkhiza, pali maganizo ena ndi ovuta m'kagulu. Mwachitsanzo, kugwedera tilinazo. Pamafunikanso kutengeka Makutu a chowunikira, komanso ngati pa khungu ndi dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa. Malinga Le Komendantova, kugwedera tilinazo ndi mtundu wa maganizo phokoso. Unali kufunikira kwake pa moyo wa anthu ndi kumva zochepa kapena ayi ndi voti. anthu oterowo mkulu mlingo wa chogwirika-vibratory phenomenology ndipo akhoza kudziwa galimoto kusuntha kapena makina wina, ngakhale pa mndandanda wautali.

classifications ena zomverera

Komanso kuti ankaphunzira gulu la kutengeka zamaganizo M. Heda, amene m'Malemba njira majini kwa tilinazo magawano. Kuzindikiritsidwa awiri a mtundu wake - protopathic (organic kumverera - ludzu, njala, wosazindikira ndi thupi) ndi epicritic (izi zikuphatikizapo zotengeka zonse zodziwika asayansi).

Analinso ndi gulu la zomverera B. M. Teplov, kusonyeza mitundu iwiri ya maselo - interoreceptors ndi exteroreceptors.

Khalidwe katundu wa zomverera za

Tikumbukenso kuti kumverera chomwecho pa modality kungakhale chosiyana Chrixitu. Katundu wa ndondomeko ya chidziwitso ndi makhalidwe ake payekha: quality, mwamphamvu, okhudza malo kutanthauzira, nthawi, kumverera pamakomo. Mu maganizo, zinthuzo yatchedwa ndi asayansi, physiologists, amene anali woyamba amene anayamba kuphunzira vutoli.

Khalidwe ndi mphamvu ya kumverera

Mfundo zizindikiro zonse zochitika akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu kachulukidwe ndi Mkhalidwe. Quality kumverera Mzimuyo kusiyana kwake mitundu ina ya zodabwitsazi ndi ndi mfundo zikuluzikulu kulimbikitsa lapansi. N'zosatheka kuyeza khalidwe ntchito zipangizo aliyense manambala. Ngati ife mutenge zotengeka zooneka kuwerenga maganizo, ubwino wake ndi mtundu. Pakuti kukoma ndi fungo tilinazo - mfundo wokoma, wowawasa owawa, mchere, onunkhira ndi zina zotero.

Kachulukidwe mapangidwe a zomverera - ndi mphamvu zake. Mundawu n'kofunika kuti munthu, chifukwa ndi zofunika kwa ife kudziwa mokweza kapena zofewa nyimbo ndi kuwala kapena mdima mu chipinda. The mwamphamvu odziwa mosiyana malinga zinthu: mphamvu akuchita nzothandiza (magawo thupi) ndi boma zinchito za cholandilira amene poyera. Zizindikiro zambiri za maonekedwe nzothandiza m'pamenenso mphamvu ya kutengeka ndi.

M'litali ndi okhudza malo kutanthauzira kutengeka

khalidwe lina lofunika imatengedwa nthawi zimene zikusonyeza nthawi zizindikiro zomverera. Mundawu ndi nkhani kutsogoleredwa ndi zinthu cholinga ndi zotengera malingaliridwe. Ngati nzothandiza chomveka kwa nthawi yaitali, ndi kumverera adzakhala yaitali. Ichi ndi cholinga china. Zotengera malingaliridwe ndi boma la zinchito chowunikira lapansi.

Zikuchitika kuti limakhumudwitsa mphamvu ndi malo awo danga. Zomverera kuthandiza kupeza chinthu makamaka chimene chimakhudza kwambiri moyo wa anthu.

Timatha pamakomo mu maganizo, mtheradi ndi wachibale

Pansi pakhomo mtheradi amadziwa magawo thupi la kuwalimbikitsa mu osachepera kuchuluka amene amayambitsa zotengeka. Pali zikuchitika amene poyerekeza pakhomo mtheradi, ndi chifukwa tilinazo. Koma thupi akadali anakhudzidwa ndi malamulo a zomverera. Mu kuwerenga maganizo kafukufuku G. V. Gershuni anapereka zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo yomwe anapeza kuti kumveka zikuchitika, amene anali poyerekeza pakhomo mtheradi, amachititsa ena ubongo ntchito magetsi ndi kuwonjezeka mu mwana. Kudera limeneli malo subsensornuyu.

Palinso chapamwamba mtheradi pakhomo - muyeso wa kuwalimbikitsa kuti sangathe mokwanira adazindikira mwa ziwalo. Zocitika zimenezi ululu, koma osati nthawi zonse (ultrasound).

katundu Komanso pali malamulo zomverera: synesthesia, zina, anatengera, mogwirizana.

Zochita za kuzindikira

Zotengeka ndi kuzindikira mu kuwerenga maganizo ndi yaikulu chidziwitso njira poyerekezera ndi kukumbukira ndi maganizo. Kufotokoza mwa chidule za chodabwitsa maganizo takupatsani, ndipo tsopano kwa maganizo a. Izi ndondomeko maganizo a kwathunthu kuwonetsera kwa zinthu ndi zochitika zenizeni ndi chokhala mwachindunji ndi akuluakulu Luso. Zotengeka ndi kuzindikira mu kuwerenga maganizo kuphunzira Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi kuwerenga maganizo L. A. Venger, AV Zaporozhets, V. P. Zinchenko, TS Komarova asayansi. The ndondomeko ya kutolera mfundo amapereka lathu munthu mu dziko lakunja.

Tikumbukenso kuti maganizo khalidwe chabe nyama anthu ndi apamwamba amene angathe kupanga mafano. Ndi ndondomeko ya objectification. Kutumiza mfundo kotekisi za katundu wa zinthu - ntchito zotengeka. The amamva zamaganizo akutali mapangidwe fano, analandira malinga ndi zomwe zatoleredwa zokhudza chinthu ndi katundu wake. Chithunzi akamagwira ntchito mogwirizana kachitidwe angapo kachipangizo.

mitundu ya kuzindikira

Mu maganizo pali magulu atatu. Gulu ambiri:

katundu kuzindikira

S. L. Rubinshteyn ananena kuti maganizo anthu zowombetsa mkota ndi mbali.

Choncho, chinthu choyamba cha ndondomekoyi imatengedwa mwatsatanetsatane. Kuzindikira N'zosatheka zinthu, chifukwa iwo ali awo enieni mitundu, maonekedwe, kukula ndi cholinga. Zeze tingamasulire monga choimbira, ndi mbale - ngati mafoloko ndi mipeni.

Chuma chachiwiri - okhulupirika. Umboni kumverera kwa ubongo zinthu nkhani ya makhalidwe yake yeniyeni ndi maganizo a makhalidwe amenewa payekha kukhala mu njira kwathunthu. Pa konsati, oimba ife nyimbo holistically, osati phokoso lililonse choimbira yekha (zeze, yoimba, cello).

Chuma lachitatu - mosalekeza. N'zimenenso ndi mosalekeza wachibale mosiyanasiyana, mithunzi ndi makhalidwe abwino timazindikira. Mwachitsanzo, timaona mphaka, monga nyama zina, kaya mu mdima kapena mu chipinda kuwala.

Wachinayi katundu - generalizations. Ndi chibadwa cha munthu Ikani zinthu ndipo musankhe iwo kalasi ina, malingana ndi zinthu zimene zilipo.

katundu wachisanu - meaningfulness. Atazindikira zinthu ife malotowo ndi zolawa zathu ndi chidziwitso. Ngakhale nkhani ya mlendo, ubongo wa munthu ndi kuyesera kudzifanizitsa ndi zinthu kale bwino ndi kuzindikira mbali wamba.

katundu Six - selectivity. Choyamba zinthu zonse pozindikira kuti ndi kugwirizana ndi chondichitikira kapena zochita za anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kuonera ntchito, wosewera ndipo mlendo mosiyana adzaone zimene zicitika pa siteji.

Aliyense ndondomeko kumachitika onse mu yachibadwa ndi kudwala. Mkhutu maganizo kuganizira hypersensitivity (hypersensitivity zikuchitika wamba chilengedwe), hypoesthesia (yafupika tilinazo), agnosia (kuphwanya kuzindikira zinthu mu mkhalidwe chikumbumtima bwino ndi kuchepa pang'ono tilinazo wonse), kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo (amaonera zinthu sanali sakupezeka mu zenizeni). Musanyengedwe yodziwika pansi pa maganizo olakwika a zinthu zimene zilipo kwenikweni.

Pomaliza ine ndikufuna kunena kuti psyche anthu - chipangizo m'malo ovuta, ndi njira mankhwala osiyana monga kutengeka, kuzindikira, kukumbukira ndi maganizo - yokumba, chifukwa mu zenizeni zochitika zonsezi zitachitika mu kufanana kapena angapo.