Kulimbana Russian akalonga Polovtsy (XI-XIII CC.). Vladimir Monomakh, Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich. Mbiri ya Kievan Lazaro

Pakati pa XI m'ma Kievan Lazaro anali anakumana ndi vuto lalikulu mu nkhope ya Polovtsy. Izi wongosamukasamuka anabwera kuchokera steppes Asian ndipo analanda dera Black Sea. Polovtsi (kapena Cumans) kukankhira kunja malo awa akapolo anzawo akale Pechenegs. Latsopano steppe kanthu chosiyana wakale. Iwo ankakhala kuba ndi nkhondo ya maiko oyandikana, anthu alionse amangokhala.

kuopseza latsopano

Zikamera wam'mahema chinachitikira ndi chiyambi cha ndondomeko ya azingokhala ndale wa Russia. boma East Asilavo adalunzanitsidwa mpaka XI atumwi, pamene madera ake unagawidwa maukulu angapo ang'onoang'ono. Aliyense wa iwo ufulu paokha mbadwa ya ku Rurik mafumu. Kulimbana akalonga Russian Polovtsy anali kumva ndi kugawikana izi.

Olamulira zambiri kukangana ndi bungwe nkhondo zapachiweniweni ndi kupanga dziko lawo pa chiopsezo ku anthu okhala steppe. Komanso, akalonga anayamba ntchito wongosamukasamuka kwa ndalama. Kukhalapo kwa asilikali awo horde kakang'onoko anakhala ntchito zofunika pa nkhondo. Mfundo zonsezi zinachititsa kuti ndalama kuti Russia kwazaka mazana aŵiri anali kukangana ndi Polovtsy.

magazi loyamba

Kwa nthawi yoyamba pa wongosamukasamuka litalanda Russia mu 1054. maonekedwe awo chinachitikira ndi imfa ya Yaroslava Mudrogo. Today iye ankaona kalonga lotsiriza la Kiev, amene analamulira Lazaro lonse. Pambuyo pake, wachifumu zapita mwana wake wamkulu Izyaslav. Komabe, Yaroslav anali mwana ochepa. Aliyense wa iwo anapatsidwa cholowa (mphamvu), ngakhale kuti mphamvu yokhala anali kugonjera Izyaslav. Mwana wachiwiri Yaroslav, Sviatoslav, malamulo Chernigov, ndi wachitatu, Vsevolod Yaroslavich analandira Pereyaslavl. mzinda ili kum'mawa kwa Kiev ndipo anali pafupi steppe lapansi. N'chifukwa chake Polovtsy zambiri anaukira Pereyaslavl ukulu mu malo oyamba.

Pamene wongosamukasamuka kwa nthawi yoyamba anaonekera pa nthaka Russian, Vsevolod anatha kukambirana nawo, anapita ku ofesi ya kazembe wa alendo sanatiitane ndi mphatso. Pakati pa mbali mtendere anamaliza. Komabe, iye sakanakhoza kukhala cholimba monga steppe ankakhala ndi kufunkha za anansi.

Gulu kachiwiri litalanda Pereyaslavl ukulu mu 1061. Pa nthawi imeneyi anagonjetsa ndi kuwononga ambiri wamba midzi chitetezo. Oyendayenda anali asanamvepo m'ndende ku Russia kwa nthawi yaitali. akavalo awo akhagopa yozizira, kuwonjezera, nyama anali kudyetsedwa. Choncho, anawazunza tinapangidwa mwa yozizira kapena nthawi yotentha. Pambuyo yopuma m'dzinja ndi yozizira alendo kum'mwera akubwereranso.

kugonjetsedwa Yaroslavichy

The nkhondo akalonga Russian Polovtsy poyamba sanali mwadongosolo. Olamulira a maukulu sanathe kulimbana nokha ndi gulu yaikulu. Zimenezi anapanga ubwanawe kulipo pakati pa akalonga Russian. Ana a Yaroslava Mudrogo anatha kugwirizana pakati pawo, kotero nyengo zawo panalibe mavuto ndi kugwirizana zochita.

Mu 1068 ophatikizana kumuwombera Yaroslavichy anakumana ndi steppe ankhondo, amene anali wotsogozedwa ndi Polovtsian Khan Sharukan. Site ya nkhondo gombe la mtsinje Alta pafupi Pereyaslavl. akalonga adakhala wothyoledwa, iwo Anayenera kufulumira kuthawa nkhondo. Pambuyo nkhondo, ndipo Vsevolod Izyaslav anabwerera ku Kiev. Iwo anali ndi mphamvu ngakhalenso njira bungwe ulendo watsopano pa Polovtsy. akalonga Listlessness zinachititsa kuti chiwembu cha anthu, ndatopa kuukira zonse steppe, ndipo anawona kulephera kwa atsogoleri awo kutsutsa chinachake kuopseza oopsa. Kiyani otchedwa Msonkhano Popular. Anthu anafuna akuluakulu mphamvu nzika wamba. Pamene musankhepo anali ananyalanyaza, kusakhutira kuthyola nyumba akuluakulu. Prince Izyaslav anali kubisala kwa mfumu Polish.

Nthawiyi anawazunza Polovtsian pa Russia anapitiriza. Popeza mng'ono wake Izyaslav Svyatoslav mofanana 1068 steppe anagonjetsedwa ku Nkhondo ya Snov mtsinje. Sharukan analandidwa. Izi chigonjetso anayamba kulola kuti nthawi kutilepheretsa ndi wongosamukasamuka.

Cumans mu utumiki wa akalonga

Ngakhale zankhanza Polovtsian zidaleka, steppe anapitiliza kuonekela pa nthaka Russian. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti wongosamukasamuka anayamba ganyu akalonga Russian amene kumenyana wina ndi mzake pankhondo internecine. Woyamba maphwando amenewo zinachitika mu 1076. Mwana Vsevolod Yaroslavovych Vladimir Monomah Polovtsy ndi dziko anawononga wa Polotsk Prince Vseslav.

M'chaka Svyatoslav chomwecho pamaso wotanganidwa Kiev, anafa. imfa yake Izyaslav analoledwa kubwerera likulu ayambanso kalonga. Chernihiv (kumtundu cholowa Svyatoslav) anali otanganidwa Vsevolod. Chotero, abale anachoka nephews awo ndi Oleg Roma, popanda dziko, omwe analandira kuchokera kwa bambo ake. ana Svyatoslav anali squads zawo. Koma iwo aenda kamenyana Polovtsy. Oyendayenda ankakonda kupita nkhondo pa kuitana kwa akalonga, ngakhale popanda malipiro, monga mphoto iwo analandira pa kuba midzi mtendere ndi midzi.

Komabe, mgwirizano umenewu kunali koopsa. Ngakhale 1078 Izyaslav Svyatoslavichy anagonjetsedwa ku Nkhondo ya Nezhatina Field (Kiev kazembe aphedwa kanthu), posakhalitsa Prince Chiroma yekha anapha Polovtsy, amene adayitana kumbuyo kwake.

Kutema pa Stugna

Kumapeto kwa XI - kumayambiriro kwa zaka XII. ndi womenya waukulu steppe kuopseza anali Vladimir Monomakh. Polovtsi anaganiza reassert yokha mu 1092, pamene akudwala Vsevolod, amene analamulira ku Kiev. Oyendayenda zambiri anaukira Russia, pamene dziko anapatsidwa mphamvu kuti wakhala wofooka. Izi polovtsy nthawi anaganiza kuti matenda Vsevolod sadzalola anthu a Kiev kusonkhanitsa mphamvu ndi kubweza nkhondo.

Nkhondo yoyamba anakhalabe wogwiritsa. Kumano, popanda wopikisana naye, mwakachetechete anabwerera ku malo yozizira wongosamukasamuka awo. kuyenda ulendo kenako Adachiongolera Tugorkan Khan ndi Khan Bonyak. Wamphamvu alimbane steppe pambuyo yopuma yaitali zidatheka patapita zaka zingapo khamu anamwazikana coalesced padziko atsogoleri awiri.

Onse woyanjidwa Polovtsy. Mu 1093 Vsevolod Yaroslavich anafa. Mu Kiev anayamba kulamulira wosadziwa mphwake wa womwalirayo Sviatopolk Yaroslavovich. Tugorkan ndi gulu lake anazinga Torchesk - mzinda zofunika Poros pa kumalire a kum'mwera kwa Russia. Posachedwa kuteteza ophunzira a mpumulo likuyandikira. akalonga Russian pa nthawi anaiwala za zonena za mwagwirizana ndi mnzake ndipo anasonkhana kumuwombera awo ulendo wopita ku chipululu. Asilikali uyu anali maalumali Svyatopolka Izyaslavovicha, Vladimir Monomakh ndi mng'ono wake Rostislav Vsevolodovich.

kumuwombera United idagonjetsedwa Nkhondo ya Mtsinje Stugna unachitika May 26, 1093. Nkhonyayo woyamba adadza kwa anthu Polovtsian wa Kiev, amene anakhalabe ndi kuthawa nkhondo. Kumbuyo iwo adakhala wothyoledwa Chernigov. Asilikali anali zikumangidwa kumusi ku mtsinje. Asilikali anabwera mofulumira kuwoloka mtsinje zoyenera zida. Ambiri a iwo mophweka anamira, kuphatikizapo Rostislav Gromov. Vladimir Monomakh anayesetsa m'bale wake, koma sanathe kumuthandiza kutuluka mu kuonekeratu mtsinje Stugna. Pambuyo athana Cumans anabwerera Torchesk ndipo potsiriza anagonjetsa mzindawo. The zokometsera a linga la anagonja. Iwo n'kuwagwira, ndipo mzindawo unali pa moto. Mbiri ya Kievan Lazaro anali chodetsedwa ndi imodzi kulephera choopsa ndiponso powagwiritsa.

Backstab

Ngakhale zomvetsa lolemera, kulimba kwa akalonga Russian Polovtsy anapitiriza. Mu 1094 akupitiriza nkhondo cholowa cha atate wake Oleg Svyatoslavovych anazinga Monomakh mu Chernigov. Vladimir II anathawa mumzindamo, kenako anapatsidwa wongosamukasamuka mu looting wa. Pambuyo zokambirana Chernigov nkhondo ndi Oleg watopa. Komabe, posakhalitsa anazinga Pereyaslavl Polovtsy nawonekera pansi makoma a Kiev. Steppe anatengerapo mwayi pakalibe kum'mwera kwa magulu amphamvu, amene anapita kumpoto kutenga mbali wosamwerana madzi wina pa dziko Rostov. Mu nkhondo kuti anapha mwana Vladimir Monomakh, Murom Prince Izyaslav. Nthawiyi Tugorkan anali kale pafupi kuti kutenga Pereyaslavl likuvutika ndi njala.

Pa mphindi yotsiriza opulumutsa m'mudzi, kubwerera kuchokera kumpoto. Chinapangitsa Vladimir Monomakh ndi Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich. Nkhondo kunachitika pa mtsinje Trubezh July 19, 1096. akalonga Russian anasiya Polovtsy. Iyo inali yoyamba bwino Asilavo chida mu kulimbana ndi okhalamo steppe pa zaka 30 zapitazi. Mu wamphamvu polovtsy nkhonya anabalalika. Pofuna ndi mwana wakeyo anafa Tugorkan. Chaka chotsatira, pambuyo athana Trubezh Russian akalonga anasonkhana pa msonkhano wotchuka mu Liubech. Pa msonkhano umenewu, Rurik anakakhala asapita chuma. Cholowa cholowa cha mochedwa Sviatoslav atabwerera kwa ana ake. Tsopano akalonga akanakhoza kumvetsa vuto Polovtsian, monga analimbikitsa Sviatopolk Izyaslavovich, amene yokhala anapitiriza kuonedwa achikulire.

Akakhala pa steppe

Poyamba, kulimba kwa akalonga Russian Polovtsy asapitirire Russia. Squads anasonkhana ngati wongosamukasamuka anaopseza midzi Asilavo ndi m'midzi. Msampha umenewu wakhala operewera. Ngakhale Cumans anagonjetsedwa, anabwerera steppe awo, kamodzinso kupeza mphamvu, ndipo patapita kanthawi kachiwiri anawoloka malire.

Monomakh ankadziwa kuti motsutsa wongosamukasamuka muyenera njira wachibadidwe latsopano. Mu 1103 Rurik anakumana ku msonkhano wotsatira pa gombe la nyanja Dolobskogo. Pa msonkhano, anali kusamukira ambiri kupita ndi asilikali mu steppe, mu malo obisalamo mdani. Choncho anayamba nkhondo akalonga Russian mu malo Polovtsian wongosamukasamuka. kampeni panafika Svyatopolk Kiev, Davyd Svyatoslavovych Chernigov, Vladimir Monomakh, Davyd Vseslavovich Polotsk ndi wolowa Monomakh Jaropolk Vladimirovich. Pambuyo kusonkhanitsa onse mu Pereslavl asilikali Russian analowa steppe mu kasupe oyambirira 1103. Akalonga fulumirani, poganiza posachedwapa kuti akakokoloredwe mdani. Polovtsian akavalo anafunika zina yaitali pamene misonkhano m'mbuyomu. Mu March, iwo anali mwana, kuti kukhala pa dzanja kumuwombera Asilavo.

Mbiri ya Kievan Lazaro sankadziwa kampeni ngati asilikali. Kum'mwera sanali kokha apakavalo, komanso asilikali lalikulu phazi. Akalonga kum'dalira ngati apakavalo kwambiri otopa ulendo wautali. Cumans, kuphunzira za njira mwadzidzidzi mdani, anali mopupuluma anatola asilikali pamodzi. Iye anaima pa mutu wa Khan Urusoba. asilikali ake anamubweretsera 20 warlords steppe. Nkhondo kunachitika April 4, 1103 pa magombe a mtsinje Suteni. Cumans anagonjetsedwa. Ambiri a akalonga awo aphedwa kapena analandidwa. Kuphedwa ndi Urusoba. Chigonjetso analola Sviatopolk amangenso mzinda St. George pa mtsinje ros, ndipo anamuwotcha kumbuyo mu 1095 ndipo kwa zaka zambiri anali kanthu popanda anthu.

M'chaka cha 1097 ndi Cumans woyamba anapitanso pa tingalimbanirane. Han anatsogolera kuzinga mzinda Bonyak Lubena za thupi Pereyaslavl ukulu. Svyatopolk ndi Monomakh pamodzi ukali asilikali ake, adakomana naye pa mtsinje Sula. Bonyak anathawa. Komabe, mtendere wosalimba. Mtsogolo, pa nkhondo ya akalonga a Russia mobwerezabwereza (katatu 1109 -. 1111 gg). Onse a iwo akhala bwino. Polovtsy anali ku ulendo wawo kutali malire Russian. Ena anasamukira ku North Caucasus. Kwa zaka ziwiri, Russia waiwala za kuopa Polovtsian. N'zochititsa chidwi 1111, Vladimir Monomakh anapanga lonse wofanana ndi nkhondo zomenyera wa Akatolika Palestine. Pankhondo ya kum'mawa Asilavo ndi Polovtsian anali kupembedza. Oyendayenda anali achikunja ( "wodetsedwa" mu mbiri anawaitanira iwo). Mofanana 1111 asilikali Russian anafika Don. Mtsinjewo unali mzere wake wotsiriza. Iwo anagwidwa ndi anagonjetsa mzinda Polovtsian NPGs ndi Sharukan kumene oyendayenda mwachizolowezi wintering.

yaitali m'dera

Mu 1113, Vladimir Monomakh anakhala Kalonga wa Kiev. Ndi Sauli ndi mwana wake Mstislav (mpaka 1132), Russia lomaliza anali boma limodzi ndi mgwirizano. Polovtsi siziwaipira ngakhale Kiev kapena Pereyaslavl, kapena mudzi wina aliyense East. Komabe, pambuyo pa imfa ya Mstislav Vladimirovich pakati pa akalonga ambiri Russian anayamba kutsutsana pa ufulu ufumu. Wina akufuna kuti Kiev, wina anali kumenyera ufulu m'madera ena. Mu nkhondo pakati pawo Rurik anayambiranso wolembedwa ntchito yakulipidwa Polovtsian.

Mwachitsanzo, Yury Dolgoruky, amene analamulira Rostov, kasanu ndi wongosamukasamuka anazinga "mayi wa mizinda ya ku Russia." Polovtsi kukhala wochitachita mu nkhondo zapachiweniweni mu wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn ukulu. Mu 1203 iwo anali pansi pa lamulo la Rurik Rostislavovich analanda anagonjetsa Kiev. Ndiyeno, likulu lakale la Aroma kulamulira Mstislavovich Prince Galitsky.

chitetezo cha malonda

Mu XI-XII CC. polovtsy si nthawi zonse litalanda Russia pa kuitana kwa mmodzi wa akalonga. M'nthawi pamene panalibe njira zina kulanda ndi kupha wongosamukasamuka mwadala anaukira midzi Asilavo ndi mizinda. Pa Kiev Prince Mstislav Izyaslavoviche (analamulira 1167-1169 gg.) Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu nthawi wakhala bungwe nakhala ulendo mu steppe lapansi. Squads anatumizidwa ku malo wosamukasamuka, osati pofuna kuteteza kuthetsa mtanda malire, koma kupulumutsa malonda Dnieper. Malonda kwa zaka anasangalala njira ku Scandinavia ndi Ahelene, amene katundu anamasulidwa Byzantine. Komanso, amalonda Russian akhagulisa kumpoto ya chuma Constantinople, zomwe zimabweretsa phindu kwa akalonga. Magulu a achifwamba inkaopseza zonse kuwombola yofunikayi ya katundu. Choncho, mbali ya Chirasha Polovtsian nkhondo ankayambitsa ndi wina ndi zofuna zachuma a olamulira Kiev.

Mu 1185, Kalonga wa Novgorod-Severskogo Igor Svyatoslavovich anatengedwa ulendo wina nthando. Pa Hava kunali kadamsana, zomwe m'nthawi ankamuona ngati chizindikiro choipa. Ngakhale izi, kumuwombera akadali analowa obisalamo wa Polovtsy. asilikali anagonjetsedwa, ndipo kalonga analandidwa. Events kampeni anapanga maziko a "Lay". Lembali tsopano ankaona chipilala lofunika kwambiri la mabuku Old Russia.

Zikamera ndi asilikaliwa

Ubwenzi Asilavo ndi Polovtsian kwazaka mazana aŵiri anaikidwa mu kusinthana zonse za nkhondo ndi mtendere. Komabe, m'zaka XIII, dongosolo anakhazikitsa anayamba kugwa. Mu 1222, kum'mawa kwa Ulaya, ku Mongolia poyamba. Magulu a olusa wongosamukasamuka kale anagonjetsa China ndipo anasamukira kumadzulo.

Kukwera 1222-1223 gg. Zinali mayesero ndi kwenikweni nzeru. Koma ngakhale ndiye, ndi Cumans, ndi Russian anamva njakata pamaso pa adani latsopano. Anthu awiri awa, makamaka nthawi zonse pa nkhondo wina ndi mzake, koma nthawi anaganiza kuchita kanthu kenakake limodzi kulimbana ndi mdani mosayembekezereka. Mu nkhondo pa Kalka-Polovtsian Russian asilikali zowawa linagonja. Ankapha asilikali. Komabe, pambuyo chigonjetso cha ku Mongolia mwadzidzidzi anatembenuka ndi kunyumba kwawo.

Zinaoneka kuti mphepo yamkuntho wadutsa. Onse anayamba kukhala ngati pamaso: akalonga anali pa nkhondo wina ndi mzake, Cumans agwidwa malire midzi. Patapita zaka zingapo popanda zosangalatsa Polovtsian ndi Russian adapachikidwa. Mu 1236 ku Mongolia kutsogoleredwa ndi Genghis Khan ndi mdzukulu Batu anayamba ulendo wawo waukulu kumadzulo. nthawi iyi iwo anapita ku mayiko akutali kuwagonjetsa. Choyamba Polovtsi adakhala wothyoledwa, ndiye anagonjetsa Mongolian Russ. Gulu anafika Balkans, ndipo pali yekha ndiye anabwerera. Latsopano wongosamukasamuka anakakhala pamaso pa steppe Polovtsian. Pang'onopang'ono, anthu awiri anaphatikizana. Komabe, monga mphamvu palokha polovtsy yasowa mu 1230-1240 a. Tsopano, Russia wakhala kuthana ndi mdani kwambiri.