5 milandu yoopsa wakutentha mfiti mu mbiri

"Kusaka kwa Mfiti" tsopano monga ochiritsira akuti, anagwirizana pamodzi ndi achifwamba kapena zigawenga, amene lero salinso kupeza. Izi zonse chifukwa atamunamizira onyenga ndi kuwakokome-. Izi (mwachionekere) amachokera weniweni mfiti kusakasaka kuti wakhala ankachita kale. Kumene, n'zosavuta kuti asamakhulupirire la zinthu zakale, ndipo izi mfiti kusakasaka zikuoneka kuti apita, koma pali kufanana kumene angayerekezedwe ndi mavuto athu panopa. Izi tiyenera kukumbukira, mwinamwake ngozi kubwereza zinthu ngati zimenezi ziganizo kuponderezedwa.

mfiti Chibasiki

Kusakasaka mfiti Chibasiki zinachitika mu Spain pa kusaka (cha m'ma 17), anali kutchulidwa yaikulu komanso wofuna mu mbiri ya anthu. Iwo imatsimikizirika kuti anthu oposa 7,000 unatenthedwa. Ndi bwinobwino chifukwa mfiti kusakasaka anayamba, chifukwa patsogolo mayesero sanali uthenga umodzi za ufiti m'deralo. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti onse anabwera kwa mpingo, monga iye anayesa kuletsa njira yakale ndi kubweretsa dziko Chikatolika.

manambala ndi kukwapula

Panali magawo angapo Mwachitsanzo, pamene woyamba wa iwo anatentha mfiti 12 amamangidwa. Kusakasaka sinathe uko, iye anapitiriza anakhudzidwa anthu pafupifupi 2,000. Ambiri a iwo anavomereza kuti anali mfiti, ndipo anauzidwa kuti pali pafupifupi 5,000 anthu amene ankachita ntchito imodzimodzi. Pafupifupi anthu onse amene kenako anavomereza, kuti wawo ukhabverana chifukwa cha koopsa.

mfiti Berwick

Kuthi malamulo ndi kulemekeza North Berwick mfiti inayamba mu 1500s mochedwa inatenga zaka zoposa ziwiri, chifukwa anthu 70 kuimbidwa mlandu akuchita "kuthana ndi mdierekezi." Iwo unayamba pamene Korol Dzheyms VI wa, akuchokera Denmark, analowa mphepo yamkuntho. Kapitawo wa pa chombo wodzudzulidwa nyengo zoipa, zimene anali Zimamveka chifukwa cha ufiti. Pambuyo pake, mfiti kusakasaka unayambitsidwa mu Denmark, koma pambuyo pake nkhani ya akazi ku Scotland, kumene anapitiriza kuphedwa. Kumeneko n'kugwira lalikulu mfiti kusakasaka. Choyamba, munthu wina anazunzidwa. Monga mmene iye anayesera kuti adziteteze pamapeto pake anavomereza kuti limodzi ndi ufiti, ndipo anamutcha zina "achiwembu." Ambiri mlandu ndipo anamuwotcha pamtengo chifukwa basi King James VI anali wosakhazikika wopita ku Denmark.

Metyu Hopkins

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu odziwa mfiti alenje monsemu. Akukhulupirira kuti Hopkins ndi gulu lake zimakhudzidwa oposa 60% ya kupereka mfiti mu England (zapakati pa 1644 ndi 1646). Amadziwika kuti Hopkins anayamba nkhondo yake pambuyo atamva mayendedwe a akazi amene takambirana zokumana ndi mdierekezi. Iye sanagwiritse ntchito mtengo mwachizolowezi kuchotsa kuvomereza kwa akazi iye anatsutsika wolakwa. Kuzunza kunali koletsedwa mu England, choncho anayamba njira yake kuzindikira mfiti. Iye mosatsata kugona kwa mlandu, ndi kuchotsa kuvomereza kuti ndi mfiti tingled ndi mpeni wosasamala. Ngati bala si magazi, mkazi anazindikira mfiti.

Iye anagwiritsa ntchito njira kusambira, chimene chiri motere: ngati wozengedwa mosavuta kusambira mmadzi, iye anali wolakwa. Koma mulandu wa mlandu linamangidwa ndi mpando ndi kuponyedwa nyanja. Chinthu china chinali otchedwa chizindikiro cha mdierekezi. Kawirikawiri ndi Mole kapena birthmark, koma ngati pali pa thupi la akuganiza sanali, Hopkins ndinaganiza iye mwina adakali ena "wosaonekayo" otchulidwa. Hopkins anafa 1647, mwina ku TB. Koma anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti Hopkins chinaperekedwa ndi mayesero ake kusambira ndipo kenako kuphedwa, komanso mfiti, koma palibe umboni wokwanira kuti adzakhala mfundo iyi.

Mfiti kusakasaka mu Pendle Hill

Mu 1612, mfiti kusakasaka amati m'dera chete Pendle Hill, kenako anapitiriza kudutsa England. Iwo unayamba pamene Elison Uort anamufunsa mmodzi malonda yosavuta dzina lake John Chiwoko pa zikhomo wake, amene anaona zovala zake. John adakana kulapa chifukwa iye kumupanikiza, ndipo posakhalitsa iye dzanzi. Iye anafotokoza kuti anali ufiti, ndipo ndi zonse za Alison manja. Iye potsiriza anavomereza kuti tagwirizana ndi mdierekezi. Alison mlandu wakuti wina wa akazi ambiri amene ali wamphamvu kwambiri mfiti. Milandu anapitiriza kulankhula kuchokera kulikonse, ndipo anthu 19 kenako anamangidwa chifukwa ufiti. Awa, anthu 10 anaphedwa chifukwa ufiti, ndipo ichi chinali chiyambi cha waukulu mfiti kusakasaka mu England. Pendle Hill imatengedwa malo lachinsinsi mu England, monga m'dera limeneli pali zinthu zambiri zimene zimagwiritsidwa ndi mfiti.

The Salem mfiti

Salem woyaka mwina wotchuka kwambiri milandu onse zokhudza mfiti mu mndandanda ndipo akhale chikumbutso zimene zingachitike ngati chipwirikiti amachokera anthu. Nkhani kumaphatikizapo 11 wazaka Ebigeyl Uilyams ndi 9 wazaka Betty Paris, amene anakumana kuukira kuti zinali kwambiri moti nthawi zonse khunyu khunyu. dokotala sanapezenso matenda thupi ndipo anaona khalidwe wachilendo ngati atsikana ena owazungulira. gulu mlanduyo msungwana osauka a akazi atatu - Sarah Wabwino, Sarah Osborne ndi Tituba - kuti iwo anazunzidwa iwo. akazi atatu anazitcha pariahs onse ndi iwo anatenga bilu kuti "akuwakayikira mwachizolowezi." Kuyambira pamenepo, zinthu zinayamba sapota kulamulira, ndipo ndi mapeto a May 1693 anaphedwa anthu 20. kuwotcha Awa ndi kukumbutsa zomwe zingachitike pamene monyanyira achipembedzo ndi kumunamizira kufalitsa m'deralo.