Kukula kwa tcheru ana a m'sukulu za pulayimale: thupi, mayeso kusamalira

Kukula kwa tcheru ana a zaka m'sukulu za pulayimale ndi koyenera kuti maphunziro a mwanayo ndi kuphika sukulu za pulayimale ndi sekondale.

Mu zaka zingapo zapitazi pali ponso zamaganizo chododometsa zolumukizidwa ndi ofuntha ana a zaka sukulu. Ngati mwana sangathe kubweretsa ndekha kuganizira chinachake, wotaya nkhani zambiri m'munsi mwa dongosolo la maphunziro, kuphunzira kukhala bwino kuti ndikaphunzire zinthu zina. Zikatero, chitukuko chidwi ana a m'sukulu za pulayimale. Chitani kudzakuthandizani Mokhumbira yofunikayi.

tcheru musanaganizire

Munthu aliyense anabadwa pa mfundo chidwi musanaganizire. Choncho, pa zinthu zazing'ono ndi mwana, ndi munthu wamkulu yomweyo kupeza lalikulu, mu wobiriwira - wofiira pakati pa mdima -. Kuwala ndi zina zotero D. Mu njira imeneyi, anamanga malonda chimachititsanso makampani ambiri.

Mwana wamng'ono (zaka 4-5) musanaganizire tcheru limagwirira kupangika bwino kuti n'zosavuta kukumbukira chinachake chowala, zokongola. Choncho, ntchito ana sukulu zaka ayenera kumangidwa pa mfundo ya "zokongola -. Kwambiri"

tcheru zaufulu

Ndi zaka, munthu ali ndi chidwi zaufulu, waphunzira kukumbukira ndi kupeza zosowa zawo, kusiyana ndi chinachake chimene zakusangalatsani. Ntchito makolo - kukhala mwana limagwirira izi. mwana wakumva mawu monga "yang'anitsitsani", "khutu m'kalasi," "kumvera mphunzitsi ndi kupewa khalidwe labwino," ndi zina zotero. etc. pafupifupi zaka chifukwa.

Tiyeni mwana akadali sakumvetsetsa tanthauzo la "chisamaliro," koma mau a kholo zimaonekeratu kuti ntchito yake - kukumbukira chinachake kapena zovuta kumvetsa.

Omwazikana mwana nthawi zina zambiri sindikumvetsa, mmene ambiri safuna kumvetsa, kotero ntchito pa chitukuko chidwi otchedwa kuti azichita chidwi mwanayo kuti zimene zikuchitika. Ndipotu, ngati crumb adzakhala chidwi, iye akufuna kuphunzira chinachake, ngati chinachake chonga icho, iye akufuna kubwereza mobwerezabwereza (yemweyo zokambirana komanso mayesero).

Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi ukugwira chisamaliro ku kakulidwe ana a m'sukulu za pulayimale, ntchito ndi ikumangidwa ndi njira ya ku zocholoŵana, kotero kuti unkapilikitsa chidwi cha mwana, koma osati kumupatsa kumasuka.

mbali cholinga

Ana ena ali zina zovuta pansi ndi kupeza chinachake choti tichite. Izi ndi zoonekeratu, chifukwa mwana wa chisanadze sukulu kapena zaka m'sukulu za pulayimale ndi wokangalika, ndi amamuchititsa kuthamanga za ndi kusewera.

mavuto amenewa wapadera chitukuko chidwi, choncho zamaganizo ndi mawu akatswiri mu malo oyamba kuyesa choti mwana amene ali pafupi ndi iye: zithunzi owala, zidole (m'mautumiki a madokotala). Pamene nyenyeswa chidwi adzakhala "analanda", khololo adzatha kumuphunzitsa kanthu. Mwachitsanzo, kusonyeza chithunzi ndi kukuuzani inu chimodzimodzi momwe kukopedwa pa izi kapena kuti mutu. "Mtambo jambulani ntchito kayendedwe pensulo bwalo. Izo nzoona, "- amaonetsa kuti mwana wamkulu, ndi aluntha mwana ndiye amatenga pensulo ndi kuyamba kulenga. Pamene ntchito ndi gulu la ana ungatithandizire pa mfundo ya "amene ali bwino". Mwanayo, amene anali oyamba kutsatira ntchito iliyonse popanda zolakwa amalimbikitsidwa.

Mwana aliyense ayenera kusungidwa malangizo pokumbukira zinthu zina, choncho luso anapanga munthu aliyense. Choncho, pa ntchito yachibadwa, ngati mwanayo mokweza kutchula onse a m'gulu lawo zina.

chitukuko cha mavuto chidwi

Nthawi zambiri pali chingalepheretse zokhudza kulephera kwa mwana kukhala tcheru, chifukwa cha zimene mwana kuzindikira mavuto sukulu ndi ana masewera ena.

Pali magulu angapo a mavuto:

1. Small Volume. The mwana sangaone imodzi pa malo awiri ndi kuwasunga iwo mu malingaliro.
2. Wosakhazikika chidwi ndi ndende osauka. Mwana maganizo sungathe kusamalira yaitali pa chinachake, ikupempha kuti kungakhale. Zikatero, yosavuta masewera kwa mphindi 5-10 tsiku.
3. Vuto la selectivity. Mwana sangathe kubweretsa yekha kuganizira chinthu, imene likufuna kuthetsa vutolo, palibe maganizo umboni, mwana akuyesera kukumbukira chirichonse chimene iye wapatsidwa, ndipo chifukwa sakumbukira kalikonse.
4. yogawa chidwi. Patalipatali sangathe kusinthana ndi ntchito ina. Iye amatenga nthawi kuti ayambe pambuyo chinenero Russian kugwira ntchito mu masamu, mwinamwake azitentha kwambiri cha zolakwa, ngakhale kumvetsedwa mwangwiro nkhaniyo.
5. Mtundu wachiwiri wa anthu. Vuto lachiwiri la mtundu uwu - ndi kulephera kwa mwana kugwira zinthu zingapo nthawi imodzi. Ndithudi, bwino, ngati anaikira pa ntchitoyo, koma limagwirira izi zingamuthandize moyo wathunthu.
6. tcheru kufuna kwawo. Mwana sangathe kusinthana kufunika ndi ntchito ina.

Kamodzi wamkulu ndi zodziwika bwino vuto, kudzakhala kosavuta kuti muganize momwe kulikonza ilo. Choyamba muyenera kudziwa ndendende zimene mwana sathabe kuchita: kuganizira kapena kutumiza.

Cholinga kulemba - otchulidwa kudzudzulidwa

Kulankhula madokotala, kuona ngati mwana akhoza kuganizira chinthu makamaka, amupatse iye mayeso ophweka. M'mawu ena, funani kuti atsimikize ngati mwana luso tcheru kusankha. Ntchito yoyamba imene amapatsidwa kwa ana - kuchotsa kuchokera pa ndandanda wa zizindikiro kumatanthauza. Mwachitsanzo, makoma a magulu, mabwalo ndi Triangles kuchotsa Triangles. Tinkapita ntchito mungathandize mwana wanu kuthana ndi vuto la dispensability.

maphunziro tikulimbikitsidwa tsiku kwa maulendo angapo, koma osati peretruzhdaetsya nyenyeswa. The osachepera pakhomo - kasanu sabata. Kuchita ntchito mwanayo wapatsidwa miniti. Pamene kamphindi adzakhala ndi nthawi kuthana ndi ambiri a ntchito, mukhoza kusokoneza atsopano pa mbali zotsatirazi:

1. Kusiyanitsa kanjedza. Kuwonjezera woyamba latsopano wakuda image, ndiye (ngati nkotheka) kusintha mtundu chiwembu, mwanayo sanali kumuyembekezera mabwalo Mwachitsanzo, wobiriwira ndi ang'onoang'ono mabwalo. Koma izi si chidwi pa ubwenzi, mtundu sayenera kwambiri, ndipo iwo asayesedwe m'tsogolo.
2. Zomwe buku la ntchito. Ngati mwana msanga kupirira ntchito imeneyi, inu akhoza kungoyankha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mizere ndi mizati, kuchepetsa kukula kwa aliyense fano. Choncho mwana adzayenera Usatong'olere chidwi kwambiri.
3. Kukantha m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mungapereke mwana wanu kupeza mu mabwalo akufuna ndime ndi mabwalo, koma mabwalo kutsindika ndi mabwalo anawoloka kunja. Ntchito ofanana pa chitukuko chidwi lofala kulankhula madokotala.

Kukhoza nyimbo

Kukula kwa mbali tcheru zaufulu ndi mbali akubwera ndi kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha zolakwa polemba. Choncho mokwanira anayamba mwana tikulimbana ndi dictations sukulu pa chinenero cha Chirasha popanda vuto. Ndipo mwanayo mwamsanga ntchito zilembo ndi manambala, osati mafano, monga mwa ntchito m'mbuyomu, iye anapereka kuwerenga lemba, amadziwika kuti zili ndi zolakwika. Ntchito wophunzira kakang'ono - kukonza zolakwa izi.

Text Mwachitsanzo: "M'munda ndi agogo anga anakula nkhaka ambiri. Agogo madzi iwo. Mu NS yozizira adzatero chitumbuwa kupanikizana. Amayi anagula mngo yamatcheri kwa ife. Ine ndiri wabwino kshole, Ndili otletki. lrug wanga akusewera mpira, ndi Masha limati kngu. M'nyengo yozizira tili kunja pachimake Mimosa. Ofunda mphepo agwedeza nthambi ya rowan letm ... "

An wamkulu yomweyo zindikirani mavuto maganizo amenewa, ngakhale scanned, popanda kulowerera mu chofunikira kwambiri. Komabe, yosokera mwana mosavuta ambiri zinawafutapo awa kapena monga kudumpha ponena pambuyo macheke kuti sanamvetse mawu. Mavuto chifukwa nkhaniyo tinapangidwa kuphunzitsa mwana muzindikire cholakwa, koma osati kuwerenga ndi mizere.

Ndime zonse zoyesa kumapangitsa chitukuko cha chidwi. zaka 6 - sizitanthauza kuti mukhoza kupitiriza kuthamanga thamanga pabwalo, kuzungulira kufunika kuphunzitsa mwana m'njira yake.

Monga ulamuliro, ana lalifupi malemba amapatsidwa woyamba, ndi nthawi umafuna ndi kuwonjezeka mu kuchuluka ndipo zimakhala zambiri kalembedwe ndi zomveka zolakwika. Losavuta zomveka mphulupulu, zomwe ziyenera kumvetsa ana a zaka 6-8 - ndi maluwa a chinachake panja yozizira.

cheke The anachita ndi muyezo zotsatirazi:

1. Osati atathana zolakwa 1-2 - mkulu mlingo wa tcheru.
2. Osati atathana zolakwa 3-4 - zogwira mtima (pafupifupi) mlingo.
3. Osapitirira 5 zolakwa kudzudzulidwa - otsika.

Malinga ndi msinkhu wa kulankhula Madokotala ndondomeko ya ntchito wasenza ndi mwanayo.

Mayeso Hugo Myunstenberga

Masiku ano, m'pofunika kuwalimbikitsa kukula chidwi ana a m'sukulu za pulayimale. Zochita, akufuna mu 20th Century German zamaganizo Hugo Myunstenbergom mwangwiro kuthandiza ana osati kukhala tcheru, komanso kukumbukira mawu mawu.

Akamanena zochita ndi cohesive kulemba mawu, mwina wothira makalata iliyonse. Ndipo mawu misspelled amadziwika kuti mwana ayenera kudzudzulidwa. Mwachitsanzo: "IRTGARATNRGYABLANYASCHLGNTYUPKATRNO" (mu mzere uwu ndiwo mawu "gara", "yablanya" ndi "yupka"). Chingwe angathe kukhala amangosankha yaitali, koma mawu awiri ndi okwanira, mwinamwake mwana akhoza amatopa ndi kuyamba kuchita zinthu mmwamba.

Baibulo chachiwiri mayeso omwewo mapangidwe chidwi ndi cohesive kulemba ziganizo lonse popanda makalata yachilendo. Monga ulamuliro, aphunzitsi ndi mawu madokotala atengedwa miyambi limericks pa chitukuko cha M'maso ana. Mwachitsanzo: "kaksgusyavoda" (monga madzi kuchokera bakha) kapena "vtihomomutechertivodyatsya" (madzi odikha kuthamanga kwambiri), etc. kuti mupereke izi zolimbitsa mayeso ngati masewera, n'zosavuta kuphunzitsa mwana peculiarities wa chinenero cha Chirasha, miyambi wowerengeka ndi mawu, kuti mukulitse .. mawu ake.

Masamu mu thandizo

Pali ngakhale otchedwa zolimbitsa masamu, cholinga ana a 1-D ndi makalasi 2. Tanthauzo la masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi mphunzitsi limapereka manambala osiyanasiyana ndiponso ntchito ndi iwo, ana ayenera ataona zimenezi m'maganizo ndi kukumbukira manambala chifukwa. Inde, n'kovuta ntchito zimadalira mlingo wa maphunziro ndi zinthu pulogalamu. Koma ndi bwino tiyeni tione zitsanzo za:

1. Kalasi 1 kapena kukonzekera (achikulire) Gulu: pali manambala awiri - 5 ndi 8, pa kuchotsera wachiwiri oyamba, onjezerani 2. Lembani. Yankho: 5.
2. Kalasi 2: pali manambala awiri - 12 ndi 35. manambala lachiwiri la nambala chachiwiri, kuwonjezera kwa manambala yoyamba ya nambala yoyamba, onjezerani 4 zambiri, kuchotsera 1. Kulemba. Yankho: 9.
3. Kalasi lachitatu: pali manambala awiri - 26 58. Pindani manambala lachiwiri la nambala wachiwiri ndi manambala lachiwiri la nambala yoyamba. Chulukitsani zotsatira ndi 2, ndiye kugawanitsa 4. Lembani. Yankho: 7.

Masamu osangalatsa chitukuko cha kukumbukira kwambiri, zimathandiza kuti dissipate ana, koma ndi chidwi kwambiri. Mothandizidwa ndi masewera izi ngakhale ana ambiri wosakhazikika zikhoza kupangidwa kumasuka ndi kukhala pansi.

Ndipo apa ndi chitsanzo china, amatchedwa "digito tebulo." Akulu ndi lalikulu osiyanasiyana anamwazikana pa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zosiyanasiyana manambala kuyambira 1 mpaka 20, mwachitsanzo. Ntchito mwanayo - 'kusonkhanitsa' chiwerengero tebulo mu dongosolo.

Mwamsanga pamene iye anapeza nambala yotsatira, ndiye izo zikusonyeza chala chake adzaitana pa iye.

1	5	10	3
13	15	17	8
19	7	20	12
4	11	2	16
9	18	14	6

Ana a zaka kusukulu ya pulayimale, monga ulamuliro, monga maphunziro ofanana. Pamaziko a masewerawa, mukhoza kubwera ndi ena umasinthasintha:

1. Pezani dzina manambala onse mwandondomeko kuyambira 1 mpaka 10.
2. Pezani dzina manambala onse mu dongosolo la 10 1.
3. Zolumikizana mizere, manambala onse mwandondomeko kuyambira 1 mpaka 20.

Inu mukhoza kutenga tebulo zikuluzikulu: 1 mpaka 30, kuchokera 1 mpaka 100. Izi zidalira pa m'badwo wa mwana ndiponso kupirira. Table ndi manambala 1 mpaka 100 ndi bwino kupereka ana kwa zaka 8-9. Monga ulamuliro, ana 6-7 wazaka alibe kupirira zokwanira mfundo izi. Koma ngati mwanayo ali ndi chidwi ntchito kudzikonda, ndiye n'chifukwa chiyani?

njira mphete

Landolt mphete njira anali akufuna m'zaka 19 mochedwa, ndipo anawazindikira monga liwiro popatsana kulemba ndi chidwi chitukuko. zaka 7 - m'badwo pazipita limene masewerawa angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Ambiri ntchito analandira mu kindergartens mu mochedwa 20 TH ndi oyambirira 21 atumwi TH.

Tanthauzo la masewera ndi mphunzitsi wokonzedwera tebulo wodzazidwa ndi mitundu iwiri ya mphete (mabwalo). Achikhalire woyamba mphete ali odulidwa pamwamba, ndipo chachiwiri, mwachitsanzo, kumanzere. Mwana akutumikira kwa mphindi 5 mizere osiyana anawoloka kunja yaikulu zotheka angapo mphete. Yoyamba ya mzere yopingasa, wachiwiri - pa opendekera.

Mukhoza zosiyanasiyana mitundu ya mphete: .. Ndi kagawo kumanzere, pansi, kumanja pansi (opendekera), etc. Komabe, kukumbukira chitukuko mwana, izo Ndipotu kukumbukira kuti ndi mmene kuwoloka kunja. Pa maphunziro, mphindi iliyonse mphunzitsi akuti, "helo," ndi mwana amaika dashes mu malo anagwira mawu. Patapita mphindi 5, Mphunzitsi anena, "kusiya", mwana amaika mikwingwirima awiri yopingasa pamalo pamene anasiya ntchito yake.

tcheru mlingo mwana kuchita masamu ndi chilinganizo zotsatirazi: S = 0,5N - 2,8n: 60, m'mene:

• S - mlingo wa tcheru.
• N - chiwerengero cha molondola anawoloka kunja zilembo (mphete).
• N - chiwerengero cha zolakwa.

Ngati index S wamkulu kuposa 1,25, mwanayo ali mkulu mlingo chidwi, 1.00-1.25 - pafupifupi kuchuluka, 0.75-1.00 - pafupifupi 0.5-0.75 - otsika zogwira mtima. Pasanathe 0.5 - otsika.

Kuyeza kumeneku ndi kusamalira mu nthawi yochepa akhoza kukhala mlingo wa chitukuko cha mwana wa sukulu (kwakukulukulu) ndi zaka sukulu.

"Chikumbu pa dambo la"

kosavuta, abwino ndi ophunzira, ndi doshkolyatam. mphunzitsi limapereka ana bokosi laling'ono alimbane pa maselo (mbali 5 × 5 maselo). Mu ngodya imodzi pali "cholakwika" kuti ayenera kuthetsa munda.

ana wamkulu ananenedwa ndi njira ya kayendedwe ka cholakwika pa "mapu" Mwachitsanzo, selo imodzi, awiri kumanja, pansi zinayi, ndi zina zotero. D. Ana sangathe kulemba, kapena chizindikiro, kumene kachilombo, koma pambuyo zochita ochepa mphunzitsi akuti "kusiya." Cholakwika "mabasi", ndi mwana kapena ana kunena kumene iye anali. Field angaoneke motero monga pansipa.

ntchitozi kudzakuthandizani kuganizira kukula kwa mwana aliyense kukhala zochepa zina ndi kukonzekera moyo wamkulu. Komanso, ntchito angathe kuchitidwa ndi mopanda malire ana. Chinthu chachikulu - kukhala kufufuza zonse mayankho ndipo kuti asasokonezeke.

Mawu ndi Mitundu

zolimbitsa thupi zimenezi ntchito kwa ana a m'sukulu za pulayimale ndi maluso abwino kuwerenga. Adalipo zaka - zaka 7-9.

Mwina ambiri ali kale bwino zinthu zimenezi zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu mawonekedwe a masewera kapena ngati mayesero a tcheru. Mfundo ndi yosavuta. Mphunzitsi umafuna mwana mndandanda wa mitundu .. Red, buluu, wobiriwira, wachikasu, wofiirira, etc., koma awo maina awo analembedwa mu mumtundu. Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "yellow" zinalembedwa wofiira, 'buluu' - .. Green, etc. Ntchito wophunzirayo - kuyang'ana pa mawu, kuti mtundu. Izo zikhoza kuwoneka ngati zinthu kuti akusonyeza ku chithunzi m'munsi.

Ngati mwa mawu khumi mtundu zolondola ankatchedwa 9, ndiye mwana ali mkulu mlingo wa tcheru. Ngati 6-8 - pafupifupi. Ngati 5 kapena zochepa - otsika. Nthawi ndi otsika misinkhu zolimbitsa thupi zizichitidwa tsiku, grouping ndi masewera ndi zina ntchito kuti mwana si wotopetsa ndipo sanali zakapriznichal. ntchito iyi ndi njira yabwino chidwi mu chitukuko cha ophunzira wamng'ono, mtundu uwu zolimbitsa thupi si chidwi, komanso kukhala ndi luso kuwerenga.

Association

Maphunziro pa chitukuko cha chidwi ana a m'sukulu za pulayimale kusonyeza pa "kugwirizana" ali m'gulu monga zina. Komabe, iwo ali waukulu kuthandiza mwana wanu luso ili ndi maganizo umboni, ndi kuphunzira mmene kudzatunga.

Pamaso masewera, wamkulu ndi mndandanda wa zinthu kapena zinthu mogwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti "kuchokera ku zocholoŵana" nthawi zambiri sayenera kuposa 10 mawu. Mwachitsanzo: nyumba, chitsamba, nkhuku, mwana yosangalatsa amene analemba munthu, amayi ophika, mphunzitsi pa bolodi lakuda, mpira mu mlengalenga. Ntchito mwanayo - woyamba kumvera mndandanda lonse, kenako masekondi 20 msanga wophiphiritsa sewero zinthu kotero kuti ndiyeno iye zingathandize mndandanda wonse wa zithunzi.

Ngati masekondi 20 mwanayo alibe nthawi kuwonetsera wamkulu zonse kuzichita mndandanda kachiwiri. Zolemba malire pakamwa 3 zina.

"Zapominayka"

Choncho mwanthabwala anatchula masewera ambiri pa chitukuko yokumbukira ndi chidwi ana. Mu ndondomeko ya mwana anapanga luso komanso maganizo okhudza malo.

Nyama ayenera angapo mapepala osalembapo pepala ndi mabatani mwachizolowezi a. The wochirikiza woyamba amatenga mabatani atatu ndi kuwaika iwo mu pepala lake la pepala mu dongosolo linalake, amapereka chachiwiri player (mwana) kuloweza malo mabatani (pazipita masekondi 20), ndiye atseka kuika yachiwiri pepala pepala. Ntchito mwanayo pa mndandanda wanu kuika mabatani dongosolo mofanana Goliyati (wamkulu kapena mwana). M'kupita kwa nthawi, malingana ndi zaka kapena chitukuko, akhoza kusokoneza masewera: kuwonjezera pugovichek zambiri, raschertit pepala pa khungu ndi kuika mabatani a iwo.

zilembo kusaka

Development kukumbukira, chidwi, kuganiza limodzi akubwera ndi kukula kwa m'chizimezime mwana, si popanda aphunzire kuwerenga ndi kulemba. Choncho, masewera lotsatira umalimbana pa mapangidwe luso limeneli.

Mwana akutumikira pepala ndi makhalidwe mosintha anakonza. mwana wa mbuzi ayenera kupita ndi wamkulu kusonkhanitsa makalata a mawu. Mwachitsanzo, akuluakulu akuti, "Ndiwonetseni momwe kulemba dzina lanu" - ndi mwana, kulingalira, akuloza zilembo za dzina lake mu dongosolo linalake.

"Osaka"

Mlingo chidwi zimadalira mwana luntha kudziletsa, ngati mwanayo amaphunzira kudzimvera wokhutitsidwa, popanda kufuula ndi akulu ndemanga, Iye anapanga munthu zambiri sitepe kwa bwino chitukuko cha kusankha chidwi. masewerawa ndi oyenera ana a zaka mkaka.

Wophunzitsa kapena kholo adanena kwa mwana (mwina gulu la ana) kuti iwo ali - alenje, ndipo iwo ayenera kumvera aliyense phokoso mu "nkhalango" kuti kuphonya nyama zabwino. Kwa kanthawi, ana ndi kukhala chete wathunthu (kwa mphindi 5). Ndiye ndiuzeni wamkulu zimene anamva. Mwina adzakhululukidwa creaking floorboards kapena zitseko, phokoso la magalimoto kunja.

masewera akhoza olumikizidwa kwa anthu ena amene adzakhala kulenga phokoso lililonse. Mwachitsanzo, kulira belu kapena kaphokoso masamba, ngati palibe mphepo. Apa, ana ayenera osati kumva chilichonse, komanso kuwakumbukira, ndiye kuti ndikuuzeni. Popeza akufotokozera ndi chidwi ndi zinthu, ndi galimoto maluso a mwanayo.

Motero, mbali ya chitukuko cha aliyense tcheru munthu mwana, koma njira ya, anatulukira ndi aphunzitsi ndiponso mawu madokotala, kulola pamapeto pake ana onse kukula ndi kukhala osangalala moyo, popanda mavuto ndi njira chidwi.