Kuika "Grad": makhalidwe, ndalama ndiponso kuwonongeka utali wozungulira. Kodi dongosolo la ananyoza moto "Grad"

Panopa, mitu ya nkhani ndi malipoti TV mwachibale kwa nkhondo kum'mawa Ukraine, mukhoza kumva dzina zida ngati asilikali monga kuika "Grad". NKHANI launchers angapo roketi chidwi. Osiyanasiyana chida ndege 20 Km kupereka makumi mwaukhondo moto machubu ili m'tsinde mwa "Ural-375" onse kuyendera galimoto. Pakali pano, dongosolo m'manja mwa utumiki m'mayiko oposa 50. Ndipo kuyambira 1963, iye anali pa utumiki ntchito mu Soviet, ndipo tsopano lagona asilikali Russian.

nkhani za m'mbiri

Ganizo osauka ya launchers angapo roketi ndi osiyanasiyana oposa 20 Km ndi akatswiri a Soviet natenga kunayambira ku 50s m'ma atumwi wotsiriza. Asilikali makhazikitsidwe "Grad" anayamba kupanga m'malo BM 14 dongosolo. Cholinga chake chinali kuti pa galimotoyo galimoto kuti mosavuta kugonjetsa mtunda kovuta, akamagwiritsa kuti kuyimba zida zankhondo chidutswa, odzaza ndi maroketi.

Mu 1957, waukulu roketi ndi zida zankhondo ulamuliro (Grau) anapereka mawu Buku Sverdlovsk mamangidwe amasinthira kukhala womenyera makina. Kunali kofunikira kupanga makina amene akhoza kumakhalamo 30 kutsogolera kwambiri zotakasika projectiles. cholinga anali zimatheka ndi kumalizidwa kwa chombo - chilengedwe cha yokhota kumapeto cylindrical padziko stabilizers kungomanga mchira.

projectile mapulogalamu anasankhidwa RI 147, amene akufuna luso la zotsimikizira ndi nyumba monga njira otentha zojambula. Mu zothandizira mipingo yawo AN Ganicheva ndi thandizo la Boma Committee chitetezo Technology ntchito inayambika pa chilengedwe cha Bomba. Development warhead projectile analangiza GSKB 47, ndi chopopera kuyang'anira injini - NII-6. NII 147 udaikidwa chipolopolo ndi olimba wosanganiza: mchira ndi kasinthasintha.

mayeso

Mu 1960 iye ankayendetsera mayesero moto wa injini ndege zipolopolo. Monga mbali ya mbewu ikuchitika 53 ndi 81 lamoto - ngati mayesero pa mlingo boma.

Mayesero munda woyamba inkachitikira March 1962 mu Leningrad. Grau ali allocated 2 nkhondowo magalimoto ndi maroketi mazana asanu. The anakonza kutha kwa 10 000 Km pansi makina mayeso popanda kuwononga zapita 3380 chokha Km. Kuwononga inathetsedwa ndi kuwonjezera kumbuyo galimotoyo chitsulo chogwira matayala. Izi kuchuluka mtendere wa makina pamene kuwombera.

Pambuyo pa liquidation zolakwa mamangidwe a Bungwe la nduna choikidwacho pa utumiki ndi utumiki mu 1963 unsembe "Grad" makhalidwe amene m'chaka chomwecho anali anasonyeza N. S. Hruschevu.

Kupanga siriyo wa BM 21 unayambitsidwa mu January chaka chamawa. Komanso mu 1964, pa November asilikali perete anaphunzitsa anthu a unsembe choyamba. Popeza 1971, katundu wa launchers roketi, ndi buku lake linali 124 magalimoto, koma ndi 1995 chiwerengero cha "Grad" anagulitsa m'mayiko 50 padziko lonse, panali zoposa zikwi ziwiri.

kamangidwe

Wapadera nkhondowo makhalidwe luso "Grad" wakhala akwaniritsa likuvutika kumanga zovuta, womwenso:

• Launcher;
• Katundu potsegula galimoto pamaziko a ZIL-131;
• dongosolo moto kulamulira.

Zotakasika unguided projectiles (m'mimba mwake 122 mm) akuvutika mu zida zankhondo chidutswa, amene ukufanizidwa ndi atsogoleri 40, aliyense mamita 3 pa tsinde makina. Malangizo akhoza kuchitika mu yopingasa ndi ofukula ndege kudzera actuator kapena pamanja. Osiyanasiyana kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino mu mfuti yopingasa - 102 ^kumanzere kwa galimoto ⁷⁰ ndi ufulu; ndi ofukula - kuchokera ° 0 kwa ^55.

Mbiya njira ali okonzeka ndi poyambira wononga, imene Ufumuyo otsiriza kunyamuka projectile kasinthasintha.

Liwiro kayendedwe ka makina - 75 Km / h, ndipo mwina kusuntha ndi zipolopolo mlandu. Galimoto kuyimitsidwa ali shutdown dongosolo lomwe kumatha ntchito jacks kuchirikiza chida. Pambuyo ananyoza pa athanso kusiya malo, kuti kugundidwa ndi kuponya kubwezera choipa. Kusintha kwa mfuti imagwiridwa mu osiyana makina kulamulira, mbali ya batire la.

Atamuyesa kapangidwe ka ndege nkhondowo galimoto, inu mukhoza kuwona momwe mbewu "Grad".

Ndendende malangizo chida chinthu zimatheka ndi kukhalapo kwa zipangizo akuonadi: panorama hedzi makina reticle ndi collimator K-1, amene kumawonjezera mlingo wa kuwononga zinthu za aone osauka.

Chipolopolo loyamba

Projectile kusalankhula mtundu ntchito zomangamanga zida zankhondo salvo, tichipeza mbali 3: Battle, injini ndi stabilizer. Warhead - yokha chipolopolo ndi lama fuyusi ndi akuphulikira mlandu. injini ndege wapangidwa ndi chipinda nozzle ndi mlandu poyatsira ufa. Pakuti poyatsira wa igniter ndi, umene yambitsa mlandu chopopera, kapena ntchito Pyrocartridges elektrozalpy. Anawomberedwa ndi dera chatsekedwa magetsi, ndi wodula kwa incandescent nyali igniter.

Chida 9M22 anali munitions koyamba kuti zipolopolo launchers angapo roketi "Grad". projectile makhalidwe:

• kutayipa: mkulu-zachiwawa;
• kutalika - 2,87 mamita;
• kulemera - 66 makilogalamu;
• pazipita osiyanasiyana - 20,4 Km, osachepera - 1.6 Km;
• ndege liwiro - 715 m / s;
• warhead kulemera - makilogalamu 18,4, amene wachitatu gawo - zachiwawa.

Anapeza chosintha anali Alexander Ganicheva luso. Iye akufuna njira zotsimikizira ndi projectile, imene inali mu Tingafinye thupi la mbale zitsulo, osati mu yamphamvu yosavuta yachigawo zitsulo monga kale. Kupambana wina wa Mlengi Chief wa NII 147 anali cholengedwa kolala ndi, woletsa projectile mchira stabilizers ndi kupereka mwayi adzaikidwa mu miyeso roketi.

9M22 chipolopolo aziwapatsa mantha uta mafyuzi Kujambula ndi Kujambula-U, amene angathe masitepe 3: yomweyo, ang'ono ndi lalikulu deceleration. Ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa mipherezero pa mtunda waufupi chifukwa yolondola mphete ntchito ananyema, kukula kwa amene anasankha mwachindunji njila kwa patali.

Development nkhondo 9M22 bwino makhalidwe luso "Grad". Kuwononga anthu oti nthawi zonse katundu "Castle" umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'dera 1.050 mamita ^{2 ndi} njira chikopa - kuti 840 mamita ^2.

Siriyo kupanga nkhondo inayamba mu 1964 pa chitsulo foundry "sitampu."

Utithandize imapanga nkhondowo

Ndi chitukuko cha chida choyamba kuwononga ndi kupondereza Adani anafuna unsembe "Grad", makhalidwe (kuwonongeka utali wozungulira) nthawizonse bwino. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu zotsatirazi zipolopolo zinalengedwa:

• Kukweza mkulu-zachiwawa zipolopolo mtundu 9M22U, 9M28F, 9M521;
• mtundu IYE-mankhwala - 9M23 zofanana mu ndege specifications M22S;
• incendiary - 9M22S;
• utsi yotulutsa - 9M43, khumi munitions awa angathe kupanga smokescreen pa malo mahekitala 50;
• kwa odana wanga zopinga - 9M28K, 3M16;
• RFI - 9M519;
• ndi poizoni - 9M23.

mayiko ena amene kubala chilolezo zovuta kapena mosaloledwa, monga pompopompo osauka ingapezeke zipolopolo.

ulamuliro pamoto

Dongosolo moto ulamuliro amalola kuti akatemera ndi mumameza yekha. Pyrotechnic injini lama fuyusi roketi lachokera ku zimachitika jenereta, sipangakhalenso unathandizira pa zashuga 21 kudutsa bokosi BM-kugawa kapena kudzera kutali mafoni pa mtunda wa 50 mamita.

Kayendedwe ka nthawi ya ananyoza zonse masekondi 20 wayikidwa kuti "Grad". Features zokhudza kutentha, izi: opareshoni mosadodometsedwa kungakupatseni pa kutentha kwa -40 ° C kwa +50 ° C.

Gulu amalowerera unsembe tichipeza mtsogoleri, ndipo 5 othandizira: gunner; Lama fuyusi okhazikitsa; Radiotelephone / Komatsu; kumenyana woyendetsa galimoto / Komatsu ndi dalaivala wa zoyendera galimoto / Komatsu.

galimoto Transport lakonzedwa kunyamula zipolopolo pa bolodi atathana maalumali n'kupuma.

wamakono

patsogolo luso amafuna ntchito zonse pa moyo wamakono zida. Apo ayi, ngakhale malo amphamvu kwambiri msika ingatayike.

Roketi launchers "Grad" mu 1986 wakhala bwino. Model BM-21-1 linatulutsidwa. Tsopano kumenyana galimoto m'munsi inali pa galimotoyo a "Ural". Phukusi kalozera machubu amateteza dzuwa kukhudzana zotchinga kutentha. Komanso panali kuthekera yowotcha mofulumira.

Pamaziko a galimoto GAZ-66B ndi kuchepetsa yopangira migodi zipolopolo mpaka 12 opepuka unsembe analengedwa kuti asilikali airborne - BM 21 V.

Pamaziko a BM-21-1 kumayambiriro 2000s. Tinachitira ntchito kuti amasule ndi makina nkhondowo galimoto - 2B17-1. The ntchito bwino unsembe - popanda kuwombera zowoneka motsogozedwa ndi linanena bungwe mawerengedwe. Icho ndiye matanthauziro a mdani ntchito unachitikira navigation dongosolo.

Kulimbana galimoto "damu" (BM-21PD) anafuna kuti akunde sitima zankhondo pofuna kuteteza malire apanyanja. dongosolo akhoza ntchito molumikizana ndi sonar kapena payekhapayekha.

Zovuta "prima", olengedwa 80s, anali atsogoleri 50, koma chifukwa cha kusowa ndalama sanali woyenera kupititsa patsogolo ulimi.

Inakhazikitsa MLRS "Grad" mu Czechoslovakia, Belarus ndi Italy. Chiyukireniya Baibulo la BM 21 anaikidwa pa Krae galimotoyo. Belarus "Grad-1a 'akhoza kumakhalamo imodzi awiri zipolopolo m'malo mwa m'modzi. Chitaliyana dongosolo roketi Launcher (chidule FIROS) ndi osiyana mu zipolopolo za zili ndi injini osiyana ndege, kuchititsa wosiyana mtunda kuwombera.

mlandu asilikali

Ndi kutha kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, mtundu manja akupitiriza mwachangu. zikayenda onse sayansi umalimbana chikusintha kupanga nkhondo. Mitengo mankhwala asilikali anayamba kukula kwambiri kuposa nthawi ya nkhondo.

Price zida zamakono ndi lalitali kwambiri. Mmodzi projectile roketi Launcher "Grad" ofunika 600-1000 dollars. Pambuyo mukutengera womenyera makina (1963), mtengo wa chida anali wofanana ndi mtengo wa magalimoto awiri "Volga". Ndi kuŵeta mtengo mivi anali awiri okha malipilo injiniya - 250 rubles (zambiri kuchokera filimu "Shock Force").

Mtengo wa khazikitsa "Grad" - ndi chinsinsi malonda. Pafupifupi magazini British, mtengo wotsatira "Castle" - "Chimphepo" - ndiye $ 1.8 miliyoni (mfundo linachokera ku magazini "Phaeton" Nsanja nambala 8, January 1996, tsamba 117.).

Monga mphukira kukhazikitsa "Grad"?

kuwombera mfundo BM 21 ndi zofanana kwa limagwirira cha ntchito wotchuka "Katyusha" ndipo potengera dongosolo la salvo mfuti. Mu 40s wa projectiles Cannon zida zankhondo nthawi zonse kuposa chida wosakwatiwa, chosowacho yolinganizika ndi misa. Akatswiri anatha n'chongoletsa izi sangathe ntchito mzinga Launch makungwa angapo.

Chifukwa mfundo opaleshoni ya unsembe wa ananyoza "Grad" mu kuchitapo - chida chimene angathe kuwononga mahekitala 30 la adani ndi ndime ya zida za nkhondo, malo poyambira ya maroketi, batire matope, kotunga mayunitsi. chipolopolo A zipolopolo izi makina nkhondo, kupha zamoyo zonse mwa utali wozungulira wa mamita 100.

Choyamba mu dziko MRL kuti akhoza kugunda chandamale pa mtunda wautali, - atakhala "Grad". Makhalidwe, utali wozungulira chiwonongeko nkhondowo galimoto akatswiri Soviet akweza bola chifukwa alibe kupatuka pazipita wa projectile ku mulingo wa mamita 30. okonza okhonda ankaganiza kuti molondola izi chingapezeke pa mtunda wa makilomita palibe oposa 10. Komabe, kulengedwa kwa USSR angakaphe mdani mtunda wa makilomita 40 ndipo umabala 720 zipolopolo masekondi 20, omwe ndi ofanana ndi matani 2 mabomba.

ntchito ya usilikali

Mayeso oyamba kuchita zovuta "Grad" unachitika mu 1969, pa mkangano China ndi USSR. Kuyesera kuti aswe mdani ndi gwetsa magulu ake ndi a Sino-Soviet akasinja analephera Komanso ya Chinese anatenga padded T-62, amene anali chitsanzo chinsinsi. Choncho, ndithudi anapita zipolopolo zachiwawa ndi zomera "Grad", chimene chinawononga mdani motero kuthetsa mkangano.

Mu zaka 1975-1976. kumenyana galimoto anamugwiritsa ntchito Angola. Ntchito malo nkhondo imeneyi sichinayambe nthawi womangidwa ndewu pakati pa mizati kufika kwa. Choncho Mbali imeneyi ya "Castle" chakuti pa ngozi malo a projectile anapanga "akufa ellipse", choncho ndime ya asilikali, kumene kuli yaitali mzere mu nkhondo imene Angola wasanduka chandamale abwino.

Mu Afghanistan, tinali kuwombera pa "Castle" moto mwachindunji. The Chechen nkhondo ndiponso mokangalika ntchito magalimoto a asilikali.

"Grad" nthawi yathu - ndi za 2500 mayunitsi, ndi armament wa gulu lankhondo la Chitaganya cha Russia. magalimoto nkhondowo anali zimagulitsidwa ku mayiko 70 kuyambira 1970. Ife sanasangalale nazo BM 21 mu nkhondo padziko lonse: ku Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, Somalia, Syria, Libya ndi isanayambike posachedwapa cha kutsutsidwa mu kum'mawa kwa Ukraine.

Mwatsatanetsatane ndi luso makhalidwe a unsembe "Grad"

Maluso ndi magawo a dongosolo amapatsidwa kwa BM 21.

• Galimotoyo - Ural-375.
• Engine Mphamvu - 180 L. a.
• Makulidwe, mamita:
  - m'lifupi - 2,4;
  - Utali - 7,35;
  - pazipita kutalika - 4,35.
• Kulemera matani:
  - ndi zipolopolo - 13.7;
  - uncharged BM - 10,9.
• Liwiro pazipita kuyenda, Km / h - 75.
• Zipolopolo, zidutswa. - 120 maroketi.
• Likungosonyeza mm - 122.
• Chotupa m'dera HA:
  - njira 1,75;
  - anthu oti 2,44.
• Kutalika kwa zimatsogolera mamita - 3.
• Chiwerengero cha atsogoleri tsinde, ma PC. - 40.
• Full salvo nthawi, ndi - 20.
• Yowotcha osiyanasiyana, mamita:
  - pazipita - 20 380;
  - osachepera - 5000.
• atakhala nthawi yowotcha malo, min. - 3.5.

Today MLRS umatulutsa JSC "MZ". Base waima galimoto "Ural-4320". Zitsanzo watsopano anayambitsa yoyenda yokha topographic malo, anasonyeza amagetsi mapu khwekhwe malo, luso kulowa deta mu lama fuyusi ndi.

Ndikufuna kukhulupirira ndi chiyembekezo kuti unsembe wa "Grad" (makhalidwe, kapangidwe, mode ntchito) kunayenera ndi chidwi achinyamata ngati chitsanzo pochita kafukufuku, koma osati kwa chiwonongeko cha mizinda ndi tsogolo la anthu!