Krymskaya njira amanyansidwa ntchito. Krymskaya opareshoni (1944): mphamvu ndi zikuchokera mbali

Chilumba cha Crimea nthawi zonse zoyambirira za Russian Ufumu ndipo kenako USSR ndi malo oonekera mu Nyanja Black. Opaleshoni Crimea anali wofunika kwambiri patsogolo Red Army, ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo, Hitler anadziwa kuti ngati kupereka Peninsula, kutaya Nyanja onse Black. Aukali kumenyana kuposa mwezi ndi zinachititsa kugonjetsedwa kwa Anazi zokometsera.

asanachite opareshoni

Popeza kuti mapeto a 1942 - chiyambi cha 1943 pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World panali kusintha kwakukulu: ngati Red Army kuloŵa mfundo imeneyi, tsopano anapita tingalimbanirane. Nkhondo ya Stalingrad anali tsoka lonse la Wehrmacht lonse. M'chaka cha 1943 kunali nkhondo pa za Kursk lofufuma kwambiri mbali imodzi, lotchedwa mu mbiri ya dziko lalikulu thanki nkhondo imene asilikali Soviet pamalo abwino outplayed Anazi anawatenga mu gulu pincer, kenako ulamuliro wa Hitler anali kale watembereredwa. A asilikali kukanena kwa Hitler kuti kupitiriza nkhondo amakhala odalirika. Komabe, analamula kuima ndi awagwire malo mpaka posachedwapa.

Crimea ntchito kunali kupitiriza zofunika ulemerero wa Red Army. Pambuyo Nizhnedneprovsk amanyansidwa 17 German asilikali anasowa kothawira mu Crimea chilumba, popanda kuthekera kwa kubwezeretsa ndi zolimba. Komanso, asilikali a Soviet anakwanitsa kulanda kufalikira omasuka m'dera Kerch. Apamwamba German lamulo patsikuli zinandikumbutsa za chiyembekezo zinthu kutsogolo. Pankhani Crimea, makamaka a asilikali anati popanda kuthekera reinforcements dziko iwo kukhala pamenepo kwa kuphedwa mu kukana zina. Hitler sanaganize choncho - anauzidwa kusunga ateteza mfundo yofunika kwambiri imeneyi njira. Iye anafotokozera zimenezi mwa kunena kuti mwambo wa Crimea, Romania ndi Bulgaria imfayo adzagwirizana ndi Germany. kuti anapatsidwa, koma chimene chinali mtima wa asilikali wamba malangizo amenewa ndi ambiri kunkhondo, pamene iwo anayamba Crimea Misonkhano?

theorists nkhondo zambiri kulankhula kokha za muyezo wa mphamvu za mbali yotsutsa ndi njira zawo, ankatanthauza ndi chiyambi cha nkhondo nkhondo wonse, kungoti aŵerenga zida za nkhondo ndi kukula kwa olimbana ndi.

Nthawiyi, madokotala ndikukhulupirira kuti ngati si yokhala umagwira ntchito yotamandika kumenyana mzimu. Ndipo zimene anali naye pa mbali zonse?

The makhalidwe a Red Army

Ngati pachiyambi cha nkhondo ndi makhalidwe a asilikali Soviet anali otsika kwambiri, mu njira ya ntchito yomwe inakhazikitsidwa, makamaka Stalingrad, iye wakula amazipanga. Tsopano anali Red Army mu nkhondo pa nkhondoyo. Powonjezera, asilikali athu mosiyana ndi miyezi ya nkhondo, akhala anaumitsa anamenyana ndi lamulo anapeza zinachitikira kutero. Zonsezi pamodzi watipatsa zonse zabwino Aroma omwe ankalamulira dzikolo lapansi.

The makhalidwe a German-Romania asilikali

Kumayambiriro a World nkhondo II makina German nkhondo samadziwika kugonja. pasanathe zaka ziwiri mu Germany anakwanitsa kugwila lonse la Europe, anadza kwa malire a USSR. The makhalidwe a asilikali a Wehrmacht anali pa kumwamba. Adadzikweza losagonjetseka. Ndipo akupita kunkhondo lotsatira, kale ife ankadziwa kuti udzapambana.

Komabe, kumapeto 1941, Anazi koyamba kukana kwambiri za nkhondo kwa Moscow. Pa kontroperatsii Red Army kuwaponya kuchokera kumzinda kwa mtunda wa pa 200 Km. Zinali zopweteka kwa awo kudzidalira ndi, Chofunika kwambiri, makhalidwe awo.

Pambuyo Stalingrad, Kurskaia nkhondo yojambula anatseka misewu Leningrad anayamba Crimea njira amanyansidwa ntchito. The ulamuliro wa Hitler anali kuthawa pa amadzibisa onse. Kuwonjezera pa mfundo yakuti asilikali German anagonjetsedwa mmodzi ndi mmodzi, kwangokhala ndatopa nkhondo. Kodi ife tiyenera kuchita nawo mwina, koma iwo ali anthu kwambiri, iwo anali banja, amene adakonda ndipo ankafuna kubwerera kunyumba. Kwa iwo, nkhondo izi sanalinso ofunikira. The makhalidwe anali pa ziro.

Magulu a zipani. USSR

Crimea ntchito wakhala mmodzi wa yaikulu kwambiri ku Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo. The Army Red ankayimiridwa ndi:

• 4 Chiyukireniya kutsogolo, amene analamulira F. I. Tolbuhin. Iwo anali wopangidwa ndi 51 Army pansi Ya G. Kreyzera. 2 alonda Army pansi pa G. F. Zaharova; 8 Air Army, analamula T. T. Hryukina 19 Panzer Corps, poyamba anali pansi lamulo I. D. Vasileva, amene pambuyo pake m'malo mwa IA kukupsopsonani.
• Independent m'mphepete mwa nyanja Army, kugonjera General AI Eremenko, koma lamulo la 15.04.1944 anawaika pa K. S. Melnika, amene anali msilikali wamkulu wa asilikali.
• Black Sea zombo, analamula asilikali FS Oktyabrsky
• 361-mamita munthu radiodivizionom Sevastopol.
• Azov Flotilla, kutsogozedwa ndi kumbuyo asilikali Gorshkovym S. G.

Magulu a zipani. Germany, Romania

Kumenyana analanda chilumba anali ngati 17 asilikali Wehrmacht. Pa May 1, 1944 izo anatumizidwa ku lamulo la General Corps Karl Allmendinger. The Army unalembedwa wa 7 Romania ndi 5 German magawano. Likulu ili mu mzinda wa Simferopol.

Crimea opareshoni pa mbali ya Wehrmacht m'chaka cha 1944 inali ya chikhalidwe kumbuyo. Territorially kumbuyo njira ya Wehrmacht zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu 4:

1. North. Lamulo la mphamvu zimenezi inali m'mzinda wa Dzhankoy, panali kuikapo maganizo ndi nkhokwe. Pali mapangidwe awiri anaika:

• 49 Mountain Corps: 50, 111, 336 TH oyenda Division, a 279th Brigade zida kumenya;
• 3 Romania apakavalo Corps ongokhala 9 apakavalo, 10 ndi magulu 19 oyenda.

2. West. Kugombe lonse kuchokera Sevastopol kuti Perekopa anali kulondera regiments awiri 9 Romania apakavalo Division.

3. East. Zochitika zinachitika pa Kerch Peninsula. Apa kumbuyo:

• 5 Corps (73th ndi 98 oyenda magawano, brigade 191 kumenya mfuti);
• 6 apakavalo ndi 3 Mountain oyenda Division Romania.

4. South. kugombe onse kum'mwera kwa Sevastopol kuti Feodosiya woyenda ndi kumbuyo 1 Romania Mountain Corps.

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, asilikali anali anaikira mu njira zotsatirazi: njira kumpoto - 5 magawano, Kerch - 4 magawano, kum'mwera ndi kumadzulo gombe la Crimea - 3 magawano.

Crimea ntchito unayambitsidwa ndendende ngati mankhwala dongosolo nkhondo.

The bwino mphamvu za mbali yotsutsa

mphamvu	USSR	Germany, Romania
anthu	462400	195000
Zida zankhondo ndi mortars	5982	za 3600
Akasinja ndi mfuti kudziletsa injini	559	215
Jets	1250	148

Komanso, Red Army anali zinthu 322 zida za apanyanja. Chiwerengerochi kusonyeza chidwi cha ophunzira chipitirire ukulu wa Soviet Army. lamulo ili la Wehrmacht kukauza Hitler kuti apeze chilolezo kuti achoke otsala mu mphamvu anatseka misewu.

Zolinga za zipani

Boma anaona Crimea, ndipo makamaka Sevastopol, m'munsi mwenimweni mwa Black Sea zombo. Ndi chiphaso cha chinthu ichi mu ntchito yake ya Soviet Navy zikhoza kukhala yabwino ndi bwino kwambiri kugwira ntchito ya kunyanja, umene kunali koyenera kupita patsogolo mwa asilikali.

Germany ndi bwino wa Crimea ndi bwino wonse mphamvu. Hitler ankadziwa kuti Crimea amanyansidwa njira ntchito pangachitike imfa ya bridgehead yofunikayi. Komanso, Adolf ikutchula kulephera kutsitsa Red Army mderali. Ambiri mwina, ankazidziwa kale vuto mtima, koma iye analibe tiganizira ena. Hitler atalamula kuteteza chilumba munthu watha, Mulimonsemo, musatenge izo USSR. Iye ankakhulupirira Crimea mphamvu zimaletsa ogwirizana monga Romania, Bulgaria ndi Turkey ali pafupi Germany, ndi imfa ya katunduyo, adzakhala basi kuyambitsa imfa ya thandizo la lankhondo.

Choncho, Crimea lofunika kwambiri kwa asilikali Soviet. Pakuti Germany, iye anali ofunika.

Yambani Crimea zolawula

Red Army strategy anali munthawi yomweyo chachikulu amadza ndi kumpoto (kuchokera Syvash ndi Perekopa) ndi kum'mawa (Kerch) anatsatira kulimbikitsa njira malo - Simferopol ndi Sebastopol. Pambuyo pake, adani anali kuti anagaŵanika magulu osiyana, ndi kuwononga, kuteteza kuthekera achoke ku Romania.

Pa April 3, asilikali Soviet, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo lolemera kuwononga malinga mdani. 7 April, madzulo, reconnaissance, omwe anatsimikizira malo Adani chaonekera. April 8 Crimea ntchito inayambika. masiku awiri a asilikali Soviet anali kumenyana oopsa. Chifukwa cha chitetezo cha mdani anali breached. 11 April 19 Panzer Corps anapambana pa ulendo woyamba kulanda Dzhankoy - mmodzi wa likulu la magulu ankhondo. German ndipo Romania chilengedwe kupanga oopa anayamba kuphwera kuchokera kumpoto ndi kum'mawa (Kerch) kuti Simferopol ndi Sebastopol.

Tsiku lomwelo asilikali Soviet anagwira Kerch, ndiye m'madera onse a chisautso cha mdani kwawo ndi ndege. asilikali Wehrmacht anayamba evacuating mwa nyanja, koma mphamvu Black Sea zombo anaukira anthu othawa kwawowo ziwiya, chifukwa mu lopondereza anagwirizana mphamvu ataya anthu 8.100.

April 13 anatulutsidwa mzinda Simferopol, Feodosia, Saki, Yevpatoria. Tsiku lotsatira - Sudak, Tsiku - Alushta. Crimea ntchito ku nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse zinatha. nkhaniyo inali kokha Sevastopol.

chopereka zigaŵenga zankhondo

A mutu osiyana kucheza ndi zigawenga ndi zinthu mobisa a Crimea. Crimea ntchito Mwachidule, anali mgwirizano wa asilikali ndi zigaŵenga zankhondo kukwaniritsa cholinga wamba. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, panali okwana anthu pafupifupi 4,000. Zolinga za ntchito yawo inali chiwonongeko cha kumbuyo, woukira, aya mdani poyera ndi njanji, milu anapanga pa misewu ya m'mapiri. Zigaŵenga zankhondo anathyola ntchito pa Yalta doko, lomwe ndi kobvuta kwambiri achoke wa asilikali German ndipo Romania. Kupatula kuzula Cholinga cha ntchito za zigaŵenga zankhondo anali kuteteza chiwonongeko cha makampani, makampani zoyendera ndi mizinda yambiri.

Pano pali chitsanzo cha ntchito yogwira zigawenga. April 11, pa mthunzi wa 17 Army wa Wehrmacht mu Sevastopol, zigaŵenga zankhondo anagwira m'tauni ya Stary Krym, ndi chifukwa kuti kudula njira kuti abwerere.

Kurt Tippelskirch - General wa Wehrmacht wa - masiku otsiriza a nkhondo anafotokoza mu njira zotsatirazi: zigaŵenga zankhondo pa ntchito ya mwakhama mogwirizana ndi asilikali Soviet ndi kuthandiza iwo.

Sevastopol Sturm

Ndi April 15, 1944, asilikali a Soviet anafika m'munsi chachikulu - Sevastopol. Kukonzekera ayamba kuti akanthe. Ndi nthawi ntchito anamaliza Odessa, umene unachitikira monga mbali ya Dnieper-Carpathian. Odessa (ndi Crimea) opareshoni, imene gombe kumpoto ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Nyanja Black wamasulidwa, anapanga zopereka kwambiri kuti apambane.

Zoyesayesa awiri oyambirira analanda mzinda wa 19 ndi 23 analephera. Iwo anayamba regrouping wa asilikali, komanso chakudya chakudya, mafuta ndi zipolopolo.

May 7, pa 10:30, mothandizidwa ndi yaikulu mpweya, anadzasokoneza chigawo yamalinga ya Sevastopol. Pa May 9, Red Army kuchokera kummawa, kumpoto ndi kum'mwera chakum'mawa analowa mumzindawo. Sevastopol wamasulidwa! Asilikali otsalira a Wehrmacht anayamba abwerere, koma pa Cape Chersonese anali agwidwa ndi 19 Panzer Corps, komwe anatenga nkhondo yomaliza zinachititsa kuti asilikali 17 TH kwathunthu wosweka, ndipo asilikali 21 000 (kuphatikizapo alonda) unatengedwa ukaidi limodzi masekeli zipangizo ndi zida zina.

zotsatira

Last Wehrmacht kufalikira mu kumanja Bank Ukraine, ili mu Crimea, mu nkhope ya 17 Army anawonongedwa. Irretrievably anatayika oposa 100,000 German ndipo Romania asilikali. The zomvetsa ambiri analipo asilikali 140 zikwi ndi akapitawo a Wehrmacht.

Pakuti Red Army mbisoweka kuopseza malangizo a kum'mwera a kutsogolo. Pakhala kubwerera kwa Sevastopol - m'munsi mwenimweni mwa Black Sea zombo.

Koma chinthu chofunika kwambiri - ndi Soviet Union pambuyo Crimea ntchito anapezanso kulamulira mu Black Sea beseni. Zimenezi kwambiri kugwedezeka mpaka mphamvu ya udindo German ku Bulgaria, Romania ndi Turkey.

Chisoni kwambiri m'mbiri ya dziko lathu mu XX m'ma - Wamkulu zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo. Crimea opareshoni, komanso ena onse, anali Phindu pa isanayambike ndi njira, koma chifukwa cha kusiyana awa anaphedwa masauzande ndi zina mamiliyoni nzika wathu. Crimea zolawula anali yofunika njira cholinga ndi lamulo Soviet. Germany anachita 1941-1942. masiku 250 a adani a Sevastopol. asilikali Soviet analibe masiku 35 kumasula onse a dziko la Crimea, 5 amene ankafunika kukathyola Sebastopol. Chifukwa cha ntchito bwino analenga zinthu zabwino kwa patsogolo Soviet ankhondo mu Balkans.