Kodi chitetezo chokwanira zamtendere?

Pa chitetezo chokwanira ambiri tanthauzo zamtendere - Ufulu kumvera zosankha odalirika a m'dera lina, mabungwe ake ndi owayimilira. Ndipotu angatchedwe zosasinthika, kapena vuto limene ndime mu parem sanali habet imperium (balati. "Wofanana wopanda mphamvu ofanana pa").

Lingaliro ndi mbali ya chitetezo chokwanira zamtendere

Nzika onse amene ali kunja boma, oimira kuima chifukwa cha udindo wawo. Mwa iwowa, monga ulamuliro, kumvetsa akonzedwa wamba ufulu, maudindo mu ulemu wa dziko okhala.

Nawonso ubwino - ndi ubwino amene anapereka kwa iwo mwa malamulo adziko lonse lapansi chifukwa kukhazikitsa yosalala zolinga ntchito. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi ofunika kuunikila immunities osiyana malamulo, amene anafotokozedwa monga penipenipo azidzipereka kwa nthumwi za mgwirizano wa mayiko sali pansi malamulo ena ambiri.

chitetezo chokwanira akazembe ndi zinthu zingapo zimene kuwasiyanitsa ndi maudindo ena:

1. Kodi maonekedwe a "zolimbikitsa zoipa" - Ndipotu, wosamasula izi kwa udindo (misonkho, ndondomeko ndi zina zotero.) Kapena udindo.

2. Cholinga cha mwayi ndi kuonetsetsa kuti maudindo lonse ndi ntchito. Kuti ali mwangwiro zinchito ndi immunities sikunapatsidwa kwa zofuna za munthu.

3. mawu wa anthu ndi chitetezo chokwanira zamtendere, zodziwika bwino mu Oyendetsera Dziko komanso malamulo, komanso malamulo a malamulo adziko lonse lapansi. Mu Russia ali ndi zamtendere ndi consular Corps, mutsogoleli, mamembala a mishoni wapadera ndi zoimira mabungwe lonse.

Choncho, mwayi wa udindo zamtendere anawagawa m'magulu 2: chitetezo chokwanira (ufulu chinthu) ndi ubwino malamulo, mfundo zomwe zimagwiritsa machimo ena, ufulu chisanadze emptive, zokonda, anali mmodzi pa nkhani zina zimene zingatipindulitse anthu onse.

Malamulo pa maudindo State

chitetezo chokwanira akazembe monga gulu malamulo alipo kwa nthawi yaitali. Ngakhale mu Roma, ndi akazembe a limati mdani anali inviolable monga anali kuwaona amatetezedwa ndi milungu.

Kwa nthawi yaitali udindo wa oimira anatsimikiza miyambo ndi mmodzi yekha, monga zida aliyense mayiko pa nkhani zimenezi kulibe. Ulendo woyamba pa codification ofunda anapangidwa yekha mu 1928 ku Havana (Latin America) anatengera m'Pangano akuluakulu akazembe.

Kenako mu 1961, izo anatenga Vienna Msonkhano Relations akazembe, lero adakali zofunika contractual chida munda wa mgwirizano wa mayiko. Panopa izo kumatanthauza mayiko ambiri pa dziko, kuphatikizapo Russia.

Kuwonjezera pa Convention anati, chitetezo chokwanira zamtendere chilamulo mayiko zochokera Mapangano awa ndi mapangano:

• Msonkhanowu Vienna pa Consular Relations cha 1963.
• Msonkhano Wapadera ndi Immunities wa United Nations mu 1946.
• Pangano la Maudindo ndi Immunities wa apadera Mabungwe, 1947.
• Msonkhano Milandu Kutchuka, Maudindo ndi Immunities wa Intergovernmental Economic mabungwe mu 1980.

Komanso, States ali oyenera chitetezo chokwanira zamtendere polimbana ndi zochita ina iliyonse imene kulola kuti musankhe zinthu mogwirizana ndi ubwenzi pakati pa maiko awiri. chitetezo chokwanira akazembe m'chilamulo kuyan'anila za la Russia, njira boma ndi utsogoleri kumatanthauza mwachindunji mu zochita codified malamulo muzochitika izi.

Mitundu ya immunities zamtendere

Mwayi anawapatsa oimira osati chifukwa cha dyera kapena patsogolo, ndi kuti kulenga zinthu yabwino kwa ntchito ku dziko lina. Akazembe ndi maudindo consular ndi immunities womwewo ndi dziko khamu akuimira boma lawo.

Malinga ndi malamulo a Vienna Msonkhano Wachigawo wa 1961 ndipo anamaliza mapangano lonse, immunities onse zamtendere zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awa:

• Mwayi wa utumwi zamtendere - akazembe ndi consulates.
• immunities lenileni la Bolivia ndi achibale awo.
• Mwayi wa mamembala a mishoni wapadera ndi utumwi mwadzidzidzi.
• Immunities a anthu padziko lonse (Interstate, intergovernmental) mabungwe.

Palinso gulu malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa chitetezo chokwanira zamtendere: Ndondomeko boma, zigawenga (chitetezo chokwanira ku Kuthi chigawenga), miyambo, msonkho (zachuma) ndi boma.

Immunities wa mamishoni zamtendere

Malinga ndi 1961 Vienna Convention, chitetezo chokwanira zamtendere zikuphatikizapo zotsatirazi:

1. inviolability wa malo a.

The State kulandira adzakhala, kudzera akuluakulu ake ndi woyenera akuluakulu (apolisi, moto, owayang'anila, akapitawo, ndi zina zotero.) Ayenera kuteteza ogwira mtima a chifaniziro zamtendere wa nyumbayi ndipo dziko mozungulira icho. A chitetezo chokwanira ofanana anawonjezera kuti yogona patokha oimira.

2. chitetezo chokwanira katundu ndi magalimoto.

Ndipotu, palibe katundu sangathe kugwidwa, kumangidwa kapena anafufuza. Komabe, ngati galimoto ndi chifaniziro chigawenga, angathe anachedwa. Zochita za mabungwe yazamalamulo nthawi yomweyo ayenera kupita sakutsutsana galimoto, ndi munthu yemweyo.

3. Zachinsinsi makalata ndi akale.

Akazembe makalata - ambiri mawonekedwe kulankhulana ndi limati awo womuimira. Ndi inviolable mwamtheradi, izo sizingakhoze okha ndi kulemera kapena chiwerengero cha mipando. 1961 Vienna Convention amatanthauza yobereka makalata ndi mthenga beskurernuyu pamene uthenga watumidwa ndi mkulu ndege kapena chotengera.

4. Tax (zachuma) chitetezo chokwanira.

ankayendetsa zachuma anagwira ntchito chitetezo ake mkati, kosamugonjera chindapusa chilichonse ndi mlandu.

5. Mwambo maudindo.

Wopita kwa zamtendere ntchito katundu kosamugonjera misonkho ntchito (kupatula nyumba yosungiramo katundu), koma kusaka amapita pa malo ambiri.

immunities lenileni la ogwira zamtendere

Mission ndodo zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu 3: a mgwirizano wa mayiko, boma komanso kukonza. Onse a iwo mu buku anapatsidwa ntchito mwayi zotsatirazi:

1. inviolability Personal.

Wogwila wa mamishoni zamtendere ndi achibale awo kudziteteza kolandira State. kuukira iliyonse kapena kuvutitsidwa wa zosavomerezeka awo. Mwachitsanzo, Code Wachifwamba mu Article 360 amapereka chilango cha zaka 5 mpaka 7 kuukira pa nthumwi za m'mayiko ena akusangalala chitetezo zamtendere.

2. inviolability wa kunyumba (zogona payekha).

Malo okhala oimira ndi achibale (nyumba, nyumba) anapereka chitetezo pa kafukufuku ndi khunyu, ndi penetrations.

3. chitetezo chokwanira ku malamulo, boma ndi utsogoleri ulamuliro, chitetezo pa zochita malamulo.

Pankhani ya boma ndi utsogoleri Ulamuliro wa kuchotsa mwina 3:

• Umwini mu ulemu wa mayiko munthu ndi wake malo banja.
• Amanena kuti milandu kumtundu (Wills kovuta kulolerana wa oloŵa ndi zina zotero.).
• Milandu pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana za malonda, zomwe oimira kapena mabanja awo nawo chifukwa cha dyera.

4. miyambo chitetezo chokwanira ndipo inviolability katundu.

katundu wa oimira akhoza anayendera yekha pamaso pawo ndipo anapereka kukayikirana kwambiri pamaso pa zinthu analetsa kuti zimagulitsidwa. Ngati, pambuyo kuyendera sanapeze kuyan'anila, mwini wake wa katundu ali ndi ufulu amchereze munthu Zionetsero boma.

Masiku ano mtundu wa chitetezo chokwanira ali panjira ya kuchuluka kwa lamulo, monga dziko, zochokera miyeso kuonetsetsa ndege kupewa ngozi komanso polimbana ndi uchigawenga, oimira ukugwira Anthu ena a ndege za asilikali.

5. asandilembe kutumikira munthu.

The kulandira State mwina kukakamiza anthu ndi mabanja awo maudindo (usilikali, indemnity, asilikali billeting, waudindo, etc.).

6. Ufulu kuyenda mwa dera la kulandira State.

Anthu mwanjira iliyonse zokhudzana ndi Corps zamtendere, ali ndi ufulu wopita momasuka mu dziko makamu, kupatulapo m'madera amene saloledwa kukaona alendo ndi lamulo kapena udindo achipembedzo.

Full chitetezo chokwanira munthu ndi akazembe ndi nthumwi ya ndodo kayendetsedwe ndi luso, komanso kukhala nawo m'banja. Komabe, kuti ntchito mwayi awo, iwo angakhoze kokha kukachitika kuti alibe unzika wa kulandira State kapena sakhala mmenemo kwamuyaya.

Atumiki m'malo chomwecho angadalire yekha pa asandilembe levies msonkho ndi ntchito poyerekezera ndi utumiki analandira ndalama.

Immunities wa mamishoni wapadera

Kuwonjezera "zonse" mabungwe zamtendere m'mayiko ena, pali zosakhalitsa mapangidwe - ntchito (gulu Commission) motsogoleredwa ndi m'maiko osiyanasiyana kuti kulingalira nkhani kapena kugwira ntchito yeniyeni.

M'Pangano Missions Special anavomera mu 1969, waukulu chida mayiko pa nkhani chimafikira mfundo zosakhalitsa maphunziro zamtendere kwa magulu onse, kuphatikizapo atsogoleri a boma, boma, atumiki ena ndi akuluakulu ena achikulire amene apite kunja pa malonda a boma lake . anthu mwachindunji Pamaulendo ndi chitetezo chokwanira kotheratu kwa ulamuliro wa mitundu yonse.

Mphamvu yapadera, anakhala ndi zikuchokera anatsimikiza ndi ntchito yake ndi zambiri anavomera pakati pa mayiko nkhawa mu misonkhano.

Akazembe chitetezo chokwanira mamembala a mishoni wapadera ndi pang'ono ndipo akuima pamene akubwerera ku dziko la kuvomerezeka. Ali kumeneko mu mphamvu zina za mamembala zosakhalitsa magulu ali pafupifupi ndi immunities chomwecho ndi maudindo monga antchito mabungwe "okhazikika".

Koma pa nthawi yomweyo mu 1969 Convention, chiletso enieni mwayi wawo wotetezedwa. Makamaka, oimira dziko khamu ali ndi ufulu kupeza unimpeded ku malo a ntchito yapadera chifukwa choopa moto kapena ngozi zina. Maonekedwe mutu wa gulu kapena zogwirizana zamtendere ntchito si chofunika. Iwo malire zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kukana wa USSR, ndipo kenako Russia kulemba Convention izi.

Chitetezo chokwanira mabungwe lonse

Ambiri, mtundu wa chitetezo chokwanira akhoza limanenedwa ngati ya ufulu wapadera ndi maubwino nawo International Association / intergovernmental ndi ndodo yake (komanso oimira Member States naye) ndi kusamalira kuchita bwino ndipo palokha ntchito mosavomerezeka.

Za kufunika kwa chitetezo chokwanira zamtendere kwa kuchita ntchito wotchulidwa pa Nkhani 104 ndi 105 hayala UN, komanso zikalata constituent mabungwe ena ambiri amaona, monga UNESCO, WHO, IMF, Council of Europe, mayendedwe ndi ena.

Kukula ndi ochititsa chitetezo chokwanira ndi zofunikila misonkhano yapadera, mapangano ndi mapangano amene anapangana pakati pa mayiko ndi mapangidwe boma. Kuwonjezera ubwino ambiri kuphatikiza ndi zolemba izi pofotokoza mwayi komanso immunities ndodo: wokhulupirika, asandilembe ulamuliro, maudindo miyambo osaphatikizidwamo pa kulowa m'nyumba, yosinthira ndalama, repatriation, ufulu otchulidwa mwapadera, zitupa ndi zina zotero.

The chitetezo chokwanira wa oimira Member States mu mabungwe lonse

The chitetezo chokwanira wa oimira m'mayiko mayanjano Interstate kwambiri bwino kuposa chitetezo chokwanira ndodo. Ndipotu, ndi ofanana ndi mgwirizano wa mayiko, monga zochokera lamanja la limati kuimira zofuna zawo m'bwalo lonse.

Chidutswa chachikulu cha malamulo Russia, mbali zolimbana wa mavoti lachikhalire International Association, ndi lamulo "Pa Permanent Mission la Chitaganya cha Russia gulu lonse", ovomerezedwa ndi Watsimikiza mutsogoleli Akuluakulu a ku Russia pa September 29, 1999 № 1316.

Komabe, tisaiwale kuti oimira magulu ufulu awo okha pa mlingo wa mabungwe lonse. Kodi sanasankhe kuti ndi malo okhala okhazikika wa bungwe Interstate. Koma ngati izi zimachitika, nyumba yake mphamvu ndi udindo woonetsetsa kuti oimira boma ndi nthumwi kuti misonkhano maudindo zogwirizana ndi immunities iwo azisangalala mu chikhulupiriro chabwino.

Immunities wa United Nations

UN chokhala m'dzikolo akufotokozera hayala ake ndi Convention pa Maudindo ndi Immunities wa United Nations, ovomerezedwa ndi General Assembly mu 1947.

Convention 1947 ntchito mabungwe onse dongosolo UN, kutenga nkhani zina za kusintha kuti yapangidwa ndi kutengedwa okha kusonyeza limatchula za ntchito yawo.

Malinga Article IV wa Convention, oimira mabungwe UN misinkhu yosiyanasiyana (nthumwi, alangizi, akatswiri ndi alembi a nthumwi) ndi mwayi womwewo, immunities ndi zipangizo monga ali nawo akazembe.

Mgwirizano pa malo likulu la UN ndi mabungwe ena mayiko kupereka paliponse m'dziko lanu oimira mpaka kalekale immunities membala ofanana ndi zamtendere. Koma mapangano ndi mayiko ena, iwo n'zochepa. Makamaka, mgwirizano pakati pa UN ndi US, kuwonjezera kuzindikira kuti ndi mwayi wapadera komanso immunities amapereka chilolezo kwa akuluakulu a US kuyambitsa Kuthi ndi mabungwe UN ncholinga kuzipereka kwa zofuna za kuchoka ku United States chifukwa cha nkhanza za maudindo.

mtundu umodzi wokha ndithu chitetezo chokwanira ndi makonzedwe a Gawo 18 la Article V wa 1947 Convention, amene amathandiza kuti ndodo UN ndi mabungwe ake apadera sangathe anabweretsa kwa mawu amene alankhula kapena kulemba pa nthawi yomwe anakhala ngati bwana.

Civil Kayendesedwe chitetezo chokwanira

chitetezo chokwanira aliyense malamulo ikukhudza kuchotsa nthawi imene monga ophunzira mwachindunji mu ubale adatsutsana malamulo ndi boma, ku ulamuliro wa bwalo la boma lina lililonse.

chitetezo chokwanira akazembe mu Kuthi yapachiweniweni anatsimikiza mtima Part 3 Article 401 la RF Code la Civil Kayendesedwe, umene umati oimira zatulutsidwa wa State wina phunziro kwa ulamuliro wa boma la mabwalo a Federation ndi Russian yekha malire imene inafotokozedwa kamba mapangano mayiko Mgwirizano pakati Russia ndi mayiko ena.

Kuti ndi chitetezo chokwanira zamtendere amateteza oimira (komanso mabanja awo) za boma limodzi kuchokera nawo kuvomerezedwa mu Kuthi bwalo pa gawo khamu dziko. Pankhani Kuthi boma amaganiza kuti wothandizila zamtendere adzakhala kukakamizidwa kukhala chipani - .. The wozengedwa mlandu mu milandu, mboni, akatswiri, etc. Komanso, nthumwi mwina waive chitetezo chokwanira wake pa siteji iliyonse kwa ndondomekoyi.

Chitetezo chokwanira ku Kuthi yapachiweniweni siligwira ntchito kwa zinthu kumene oimira ndi achibale awo mu ndondomeko monga anthu kuti zonena mudziko la katundu wake, cholowa kapena kubweretsa zinthu zawo phindu.

Ngati nthumwi za mgwirizano wa mayiko kapena munthu wina amene amakonda chitetezo chokwanira, limachokera kwa bwalolo, iye ndi m'tsogolo - Pankhaniyi - simungati muzidalira pa udindo wake.

Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba chitetezo chokwanira

Monga ulamuliro, zida mayiko muli mfundo yonena kuti wothandizila zamtendere anasangalala chitetezo chokwanira ku milandu, kutanthauza osati "amasulidwe udindo" ndi "osati" kwa kuchuluka kwa chilango malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani 11 Msonkhano Wapadera ndi Immunities wa Shanghai Cooperation Organization 17 June 2004 kuliika pa dera la mayiko membala wa kuphatikiza nduna zake simungakhoze mlandu yawo yosonyezera, mabuku ndi zina zimene anatengedwa pa kuphedwa kwa ntchito .

chitetezo chokwanira akazembe mu malamulo a boma sakutanthauza kumasulidwa kwa oimira ena ndi anthu ena ndi mwayi ofanana kwa udindo pa zigawenga ndi zosatheka enieni kugwiritsa ntchito aliyense wa chigawenga malamulo malamulo a Russia mu ulemu wa machimo ochitidwa iwo. Kuti ndi chitetezo chokwanira zamtendere mu Kuthi chigawenga zikutanthauza kuti apolisi sangathe kuyambitsa Kuthi wachifwamba kulemekeza nkhani zimenezo zikukhudzanso iwo monga amaganiziridwa kapena mlandu. mwambo uliwonse mlandu ayenera achotsedwe pansi ndime 2 Gawo 1 Article 24 a Wachifwamba Kayendesedwe Code la Chitaganya cha Russia chifukwa cha kusowa umboni.

chitetezo chokwanira akazembe ndi tanthauzo lake malamulo zodabwitsa zofunika, chifukwa zinthu zambiri kudziwa ubale limati osiyana. Oimira mayiko ena amene zinthu monga "mau" a maboma ena, adzakhala inviolable, ndi kuswa malamulo nthawi zonse chilango ndi kutsekereza unagona pa mlingo lonse ndi imposition wa ziletso zosiyanasiyana.