Kodi akamanena za kubereka (Biology, kalasi 8)

Kodi akamanena za kubereka, ndipo kodi ubwino wake? Funso limeneli yaitali chidwi asayansi ambiri, kuyambira kubalana wa zamoyo a mtundu wawo ndi chofunika kuti moyo padziko lapansi.

kubalana Kodi

Akamanena za ndondomeko imeneyi chagona pa kubalana a mtundu wawo. Ndipo funso pano si za mtundu wa maso kapena kukonza tsitsi. Nkofunika kuti thupi, amene asanabadwe koma adaonekera mu malo makamaka, apulumuke mu izo. Iye angakhoze kokha kupereka enieni mbali structural a mitundu tinalandira kwa makolo. Apo ayi lingachitire yomenyera zonse, ngati munthu amphibian ku kanema chomwecho.

Zamoyo Njira kuswana

Kodi pali kusiyana kulikonse kwakukulu pakati pa asexual ndi kugonana kubereka? Mwamtheradi. Mbali yoyamba, samenya gametes, lachiwiri anafikapo n'kofunika. Pali njira zingapo asexual kubalana. Losavuta wa iwo - ndi gulu m'zipinda awiri. Choncho kawetedwe mabakiteriya, nyama zokhala ndi selo imodzi ndi algae. Pakuti Plasmodium falciparum yodziwika ndi mochulukitsa kugawikana amene maselo kholo yomweyo anapanga angapo bulanchi. Chifukwa cha luso maselo kugawanitsa, kukonza zowonongeka, zimakhala ndi ziwalo, ndi nyama zambiri amatha kusinthika mofulumira. Mwachitsanzo, madzi oyera hydra, amene ali woimira Coelenterates mtundu, angachire ku mbali 1/200.

chamoyo ichi wachulukitsa ndi budding. Pankhaniyi, thupi woyamba kupangidwa pa protrusion womera, timafika pa maonekedwe a chamoyo akuchikazi, kenako amang'amba kutali ndipo akuyamba moyo paokha.

Onse anasangalala ndi chakudya ndi yisiti. Choncho, kuchuluka kwawo - si kanthu koma ndondomeko ikuphukira bowa.

Zomera amatha kubereka vegetative. Njira imeneyi ndi kuwasiyanitsa lonse chamoyo gawo multicellular. Mu violets kwa cholinga, masamba, mbatata - kusinthidwa mobisa mphukira (tubers), Mphesa - cuttings.

ndicho kubereka Kodi

ndondomeko izi zimachitika pokhapokha ndi nkhani ya gametes - apadera maselo ubereki: amuna - umuna, ndi akazi - mazira. Iwo ali mu nkhani zawo mtima majini ali mamolekyulu DNA.

Akamanena za ndondomeko ya kubereka ndi recombination wa nkhaniyi. Ndipo sikuti muyenera gametes. Choncho, ciliates nsapato akubwera conjugation. Choncho thupi awiri anabwera pafupi pamodzi ndi pakati pawo aumbike mlatho cytoplasmic, limene phata kuwombola nthanoyi.

Ubwino wa kubereka

Chifukwa recombination imene imachititsa - zigawo mamolekyulu DNA - thupi angathe kukhala zatsopano ndi zothandiza. Kufunika kwenikweni kwa kubereka mu izo. Pambuyo fission maselo akuchikazi anapanga buku lake lenileni. Wina kudziika basi poti kutenga. Pamene mmene chilengedwe kusintha, zamoyo ngati sangathe kusintha zomwe n'kogwiritsa chiwonongeko ndi kuchepetsa zosiyanasiyana mitundu ambiri.

zatsopano anapanga okha ndi kusintha zinthu chibadwa. Ndiye iwo akhoza anatengera wotetezedwa mwa chiwerengero cha mibadwo.

kubereka zomera ndi zinyama

Kodi akamanena za kubereka zomera, mukhoza kuganizira chitsanzo cha fern amene ali apamwamba zomera spore. Kumbali m'munsi mwa masamba obiriwira okhwima dongosolo wapadera - sori. Iwo maganizo - maselo a asexual kubalana. Kupeza m'nthaka lonyowa, iwo kumera, kupanga yaing'ono wobiriwira zomera. Iwo amapanga mazira ndi umuna, amene kuphatikiza awiriawiri, kungadzutse latsopano masamba mbewu. Ndicho chifukwa pali kusinthana kwa m'badwo kugonana - ndi gametophyte ndi asexual - sporophyte.

Mu maluwa zomera, kubalana zobereka ntchito maluwa. Mu wake okhwima wamkazi gamete pistil, stamen ndi anther - amuna. Chifukwa cha umuna anapanga mbewu wosabadwayo. Pakuti tsogolo chitukuko komanso chitetezo lili ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha malo zinthu, zipatso yowutsa mudyo kapena leathery chipolopolo.

nyama komanso ali ndi maselo apadera ndi ziwalo imene ili - England. Oimira ufumu pali mitundu ingapo ya umuna. Pamene maphatikizidwe kunja kwa gametes amapezeka kunja kwa thupi mkazi monga nsomba kapena achule, pamene akazi kutchera mazira madzi ndi ake kuthira umuna wamwamuna. Chifukwa mazira ambiri? Ndi limagwirira kwachilengedwenso kwa kasungidwe chiwerengero cha anthu akuluakulu chifukwa maselo mosadziteteza, ndipo ambiri a iwo kudya zilombo. Pankhani ya mkati umuna thupi tsogolo nthawi zina zili thupi la mayi. Choncho, chiwerengero cha mazira angathe umuna, si choncho chidwi.

Kuti ndicho kubereka, imene pali mitundu yatsopano ya zomera ndi mitundu ya nyama, komanso chifukwa chimene izo zakhala n'zotheka kulenga hybrid ndi zamoyo anaipanga.