Kapangidwe kunja a chule. NKHANI kunja ndi mkati kapangidwe ka chitsanzo cha chule amphibian

Achule - kwambiri odziwika bwino pakati achule. Nyama zimenezi zimapezeka pafupifupi dziko lonse, kuyambira kotentha nthando. Kapangidwe kunja chule ndi zofanana kwambiri ndi kapangidwe ka nyama zina za gulu ili. Kutentha kwa thupi lake imasiyana malingana kutentha yozungulira. kukula wamkulu akhoza zimasiyana masentimita 1 32.

Chule mitundu kuzungulira 4000. amakhulupirira kuti iwo anaonekera mu Africa kenako m'maiko ena.

M'nyengo yozizira, achule zimabisala. Akubisa pansi pa matupi a madzi, kapena kamakumba una.

Magwero a achule

Choyamba achule anaonekera pafupifupi 300 miliyoni zapitazo. Kapangidwe kunja achotse achule, moyo wawo komanso ubwenzi wabwino ndi madzi amasonyeza kuti achule kusanduka kuchokera ku nsomba. Asayansi anapeza mabwinja a mitundu ina zinatha. Mosiyana achule ano ndipo thupi lawo ali ndi mamba. A dongosolo chigaza ofanana ndi kapangidwe ka Crossopterygii.

Komanso mbiri isanayambe chule anali zipsepse ndi mapapu, amene anatuluka pa chikhodzodzo kusambira. Ndipo lidali ndi michira amene alibe achule ano.

Achule moyo yekha mu madzi ndi thandizo la zipsepse mukhoza kukwawira pansi, amayenda thupi limodzi madzi ndi mzake. Koma chitukuko chule anapita, ndipo m'kupita kwa zinthu, iye anali miyendo yake.

Zimapezekanso

A mbali yaikulu ya moyo wa chule ikuchitika madzi abwino kapena pa gombe. Chakudya chule anagwira padziko, koma mu nkhani ya ngozi mwamsanga kupita pansi. Ena mitundu pafupifupi konse madziwo, pamene ena amakhala madzi okha mu nyengo mating.

Mu zamoyo wa mkati ndi kunja Kapangidwe ka chule anasintha. Izo ndinazolowera moyo osati pafupi madzi. achule ndi moyo mu malo ndi chinyezi mkulu wa m'madambo, mu nkhalango zotentha. Pali mitundu amene amakhala mu mitengo ndi pafupifupi konse nawo musati peel.

mafupa

Chule mafupa ndi zofanana kwambiri ndi mafupa wa nsomba, koma chifukwa chikhalidwe cha moyo angapo mbali. Kusiyana chopambana - ndi pamaso pa nthambi. forelimbs The olumikiza msana mwa mafupa nthambi lamba. miyendo yakumbuyo amagwira kwa msana, ntchafu fupa.

Chibade chule ali mafupa zosakwana nsomba achigaza. Koma mafupa gill ndi gill chimakwirira zikusowa. Kupuma kukuchitika kudzera m'mapapo.

Msana chule tichipeza vertebrae ndi 9 ali zigawo zinayi izi: khomo lachiberekero, truncal, sacral ndi caudal. torso vertebrae ndi protselnym, malinga ndi arcs chapamwamba ndi malire msana ngalande. Chiwerengero cha vertebrae pafupifupi achule onse ndi ziwiri. Nthiti mu amphibian izi si.

Sacral linkawonongeka ali amodzi ndipo zikugwirizana msana ndi mafupa a chiuno. Mchira amphibian palibe, koma mchira msana ndi imodzi yaitali fupa, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa likuvutika angapo zinaphatikizidwa vertebrae.

Khomo lachiberekero msana tichipeza linkawonongeka limodzi lokha zikugwirizana mutu ndi msana. Izi mafupa chule isiyana ndi kapangidwe ka nsomba. Ali ndi nsana wa dipatimenti kumeneko.

akulu kumanga

Minofu ya chule ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi minofu ya nsomba. Iwo osati amasuntha mmadzi, komanso zapamtunda. Ambiri anayamba minofu achule ndi achule - ndi minofu ya miyendo yakumbuyo. Chifukwa cha iwo, iwo akhoza kupanga kudumpha. Mosiyana nsomba achule amatha pang'ono kusuntha mutu wanu.

maonekedwe chule

ndi kapangidwe kunja chule chiyani? Amakhala torso ndi mutu, usanati ndi miyendo yakumbuyo. The malire pakati pa thupi ndi thupi si bwino kwambiri, khosi pafupifupi kwina. thupi chule zikuluzikulu pang'ono kuposa mutu. Features ya kapangidwe kunja chule kuti alibe mchira, ndipo anatsala pang'ono khosi akusowa. Mutu waukulu. maso lalikulu ndi pang'ono yotundumukira kunja kwa mpanda. mandala awo pafupi lids zomwe kuteteza kuyanika, kuipitsidwa ndi kuwonongeka. Maso ili pansipa m'mphuno lapansi. Maso ndi mphuno ali pamwamba pa mutu komanso pa ulendo ali pa madzi. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti kupuma mpweya ndi amphibious ulamuliro watsopano zimene zikuchitika pa madzi. Pa nsagwada chapamwamba pali mano yaing'ono.

Makutu monga anthu achule kumeneko, koma mwake diso pali yaing'ono bwalo, kuteteza khungu. Iwo likalowa m'makutu. Amphibian khungu zofewa wokutidwa ndi ntchofu. Mbali ake - kuloza wachibale kwa thupi. Ichi ndi chifukwa pansi pa khungu pali wambirimbiri danga - otchedwa lymph matumba. Chule khungu adachitira ndi woonda. Izi facilitates malowedwe zakumwa ndi mpweya mu thupi lake.

Achule Mbali n'lakuti moyo popanda khungu. About Zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti molting nthawi, imene nyama amatayira, ndipo atatha kudya.

mtundu

Nthawi zambiri, achule kutsanzira chilengedwe. Choncho mtundu allover malo chule moyo. Mu mitundu ina, pali maselo yapadera yomwe kusintha mtundu malingana chilengedwe.

M'madera otentha angapezeke achule opaka zamitundu yowala kwambiri. Chotero ochekenera zikutanthauza kuti nyama chakupha. Izi deters adani.

Pali mitundu yambiri wokongola wa nyama zimenezi. India ndi kunyumba ndi utawaleza chule, ndilo chopembedzedwa. khungu lake utoto ndi mitundu yonse ya utawaleza.

mtundu wina osaka galasi ali chule. khungu lake chimaonekera kwathunthu, ndipo inu mukhoza kuwona zamkati zake.

virulence

mitundu ndi njoka zopangitsa pakhungu amene amayambitsa kupuma ziwalo ogwirira ngati atayesetsa kuukira. Mu achule zina kubala ntchofu, amene pa kukhudzana ndi matuza khungu ndipo amayaka.

Mu Russia moyo makamaka kokha mitundu si chakupha wa achule. Koma mu Africa M'malo mwake, ambiri achule oopsa.

Poyamba, chule angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupha tizilombo. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1935 ku Australia anabweretsa chakupha kwambiri bango chule. Koma anachita zoipa koposa zabwino. Chifukwa cha kawopsedwe chake Kukubweretsera masautso topezeka, koma kuthana ndi tizirombo sakufuna.

kayendedwe

Mu chule miyendo yakumbuyo bwino anakamba. The forelimbs ntchito makamaka kuthandizira mu malo atakhala kuti ndegeyo. Miyendo yakumbuyo ndi yaitali komanso yamphamvu kuposa kutsogolo. Pofuna kulimbikitsa miyendo yakumbuyo ntchito pa dziko ndi madzi. Chule ndi mphamvu amakankhira ndi minda pa miyendo kutsogolo. Kumatetezera izo kuti andimenya.

Kusamukira ku madzi Chule amagwiritsanso ntchito miyendo yake kunsana. Pa yoteroyo ndi Kakhungu kuti anatambasula pakati pa zala. Kuwonjezera kwambiri facilitates kayendedwe ka madzi kuti chule ndi yosalala ndi yoterera ntchofu.

Koma gululi si madzi ndi dziko. Kapangidwe kunja chule wofu- iwo kuyenda ndi kwina. Ena mitundu ndi atha mu mlengalenga ndi kukwera mitengo. Makamaka mitundu ina ya achule chakuti Amawapatsa mbale wapadera sucker zomwe zimathandiza kuti kutsatira pamalo osiyana. Kapena tinatake tozungulira wapadera.

achule ena amatha burrow mu nthaka, monga yoyenda Female zimapangitsa lero. Usiku, iye amapita kusaka. Kuikidwa mmanda ndi chifukwa tentha mthupi calluses pa mapazi awo. Mitundu ina mwina kudikira pansi ozizira kapena chilala. Ndipo achule, amene amakhala m'chipululu, akhoza kukhala pansi wosanjikiza mchenga kwa zaka zitatu.

chakudya

achule wamkulu ndipo achule kudya yaing'ono invertebrates, tizilombo, zina inakhala. Chule ndi ogwirira chikhalidwe. Iwo sangakhoze ankanyansidwa ndi achibale awo.

Chule lagona awononge nyama yake immobile, atakhala mu ngodya kwaokha. Anaona gululi, iye akuwombera lilime yaitali nkudya nyama yake.

dongosolo alimentary

dongosolo m'mimba akuyamba ndi M'mimbamo oropharyngeal, kumene lilime yaitali. Pamene chule wapeza nyama yake, kuti "moto" chinenerocho, ndipo amakhala ndi kupanga. Ngakhale achule ndi mano iwo musati kutafuna chakudya, koma limangosungitsa nyama. Kamodzi anagwira amphibian nyama, chakudya akulowa mwachindunji mu mmero kenako m'mimba.

dongosolo kupuma

Achule ndi achule kupuma mothandizidwa ndi mapapo ndi kudzera pakhungu. mapapo awo ali sac mawonekedwe ndi mtima maukonde. Mpweya akulowa mapapo kudzera m'mphuno lapansi. Monga kuwala ntchito osati kwa kupuma komanso "kuimba". Mwa njira, akazi alibe zimatulutsa phokoso iliyonse, "nyimbo" okha amuna ndi kukopa angapo.

zokhudzira

Matupi chule mphamvu kuthandiza oyendetsa ake pa mtunda ndi madzi. Mu achule wamkulu, komanso nsomba, ali kwambiri anayamba ziwalo lateral mzere. Ziwalo zimenezi zimathandiza kuti muyende mu mlengalenga. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha iwo ili m'mutu. The lateral ziwalo mzere kuyang'ana ngati n'kupanga awiri lengthwise pamodzi thupi lonse, kuyambira ndi mutu chule a.

Komanso ili pa khungu kutentha, ndi maselo ululu. Chogwirika limba (mphuno) amagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati mutu chule ndi pamwamba pa madzi. Mu madzi m'mphuno kutsekedwa.

achule ambiri anayamba mtundu masomphenya.

kubalana

Achule anayamba kuchulukana yekha m'chaka chachitatu cha moyo. M'chaka, pamene nyengo mating likuyamba, mwamuna asankha mkazi amagwira ake kwa masiku angapo. Nthawi imeneyi, iwo akhoza kupereka kwa mazira 3 zikwi. Iwo anaphimba ndi Kakhungu mucous ndi pathupi pa madzi. Chipolopolo amakopeka dzuwa, zomwe zimachititsa mofulumira chitukuko cha mazira.

Kukula kwa chule ndi

Chule Ndisanaumbidwe (namchidwe) mazira imodzi kwa masabata awiri. Patapita nthawi iyi pali namchidwe. Mkati ndi kunja Kapangidwe ka chule ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi kapangidwe ka namchidwe lapansi. Koposa zonse, iye amayang'ana ngati nsomba. Palibe nthambi namchidwe kulimbikitsa mchira mu madzi ntchito. Namchidwe amapuma mothandizidwa ndi makutu awo.

Monga nsomba ndi achule, tadpoles ndi mzere lateral kuyenda. Pa nthawi imeneyi, Ndisanaumbidwe chule si kupita kudziko. Mosiyana wamkulu namchidwe travoyaden.

Pang'onopang'ono zidzamchitikira metamorphosis anazimiririka mchira, yoteroyo kuoneka, pali kusintha kapangidwe ka mafupa a. Ndipo pambuyo pa miyezi 4 pali chule yaing'ono, okhoza kutuluka pa dziko.

akatswiri chule

Chule amene amakhala ku Ulaya ndipo si kawirikawiri kukula masentimita oposa 10. Koma mu North America ndi Africa akhoza moyo zimphona weniweni. Yaikulu chule - Chule Goliati - zazikulu mpaka 90 masentimita ndi amatha kulemera makilogalamu 6.

Kulumpha ngwazi - chule mtengo African. Iye akhoza kulumpha pa maulendo mpaka mamita 5.

Mawu akuti yaitali kwambiri moyo wa chule burrowing African. Kamakhala kwa zaka 25. chule Izi kukumba dzenje yake, ndipo anakhala kumeneko mpaka mapeto a chilala.

Posachedwapa, mu New Guinea anapeza chule zazing'ono. M'litali - 7,7 millimeters.

Umboni kwa kawopsedwe sichitsata oopsa. Izi chule ting'onoting'ono za 3 masentimita yaitali. Izi ndi peresenti kwambiri chakupha padziko lapansi, kuphatikizapo njoka. Iye amakhala mu nkhalango zotentha za Colombia. ululu wake mivi topaka Amwenye. Mmodzi mwa anthu amenewo poizoni chule zokwanira mivi 50.