Anthu achigaza. kapangidwe

Chigaza fupa imakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa mitu, mwamphamvu pamodzi matabwa. Kupatulapo ndi m'munsi nsagwada. Mafupa zikugwirizana zili ziwalo mutu wa fungo, kumva ndi masomphenya, komanso ubongo. Iwo alinso ndi kuthandiza ndi m'mphuno ndi mafupa wa M'mimbamo m'kamwa. Izi zimapangitsa kulekana a Chigaza kuti mafupa a Chigaza ndi mafupa nkhope dipatimenti dipatimenti. Brain dipatimenti tichipeza mitundu iwiri iwiri (parietal ndi wathupi) fupa, ndi zinayi unpaired (mazunzo, sphenoid, occipital ndi ethmoid) mafupa. The mawonekedwe osasamba Chibade cha amadalira mlingo wa chitukuko cha zida za masticatory ndi ubongo wokha.

Occipital fupa, nalowa mafupa cranial, ofanana ndi mbale lathyathyathya. m'mbali mwake ndi njanjira lalikulu (occipital) dzenje lomwe amachita ntchito ya pawiri wa M'mimbamo cranial ndi ngalande msana. Zolemba fupa lili pakati pa mazunzo ndi occipital fupa kuti ali pansi, kupanga chigaza. Kapangidwe ka fupa zikuphatikizapo thupi, chapamwamba padziko amene ali yokhota kumapeto ndipo ali ndi pituitary recess ndi magulu atatu a zokhudzana (mapiko yaikuluikulu ndi zokhudzana phiko woboola pakati). Mkati zosatha (ovuta kwambiri) ndi bwino fupa thupi kumva. Komanso umadutsa njira nkhope mitsempha, mtsempha wamagazi carotid. Komanso, apa ndi ngalande osseous ndi makutu ngalande chubu (fupa gawo). Parietal fupa amaoneka ngati quadrangular concave mbale fupa ndi notches pa m'mbali (kupatula m'mphepete m'munsi). The kunja pamwamba a Chigaza ali parietal tuberosity. Kapangidwe ka fupa mazunzo tichipeza wophatikizidwa mbali yozungulira wa mamba mazunzo ndi uta. Ethmoid fupa ili mu gawo mkati kupanga chigaza. Mafupa chikuphatikizapo gululi mbale anakafika therefrom vertically kunsi perpendicular mbale, mbali ya kapangidwe ka mphuno septum.

Dipatimenti ya mafupa nkhope umaphatikiza wophatikizidwa mafupa (yekha asanu). Pali mphuno, m'kamwa, cheekbone, lacrimal fupa, m'munsi chipolopolo mphuno ndi chapamwamba pachibwano. Ndi dipatimenti mulinso mafupa unpaired: ndi kutsegula ndi nsagwada m'munsi. Fupa hyoid ndi mbalinso ya dera nkhope, imene imagwiritsidwa chigaza. Kapangidwe ka mafupa kwambiri m'malo kobvuta. Iwo njira ndi mabowo kudutsa mitsempha ndi mitsempha ya magazi. Mu mafupa ena payekha ali sinuses mkati (mphako, sinuses, maselo) kuti ndizodzazidwa ndi mpweya.

Small lacrimal fupa wapangidwa ndi lokwera ndi mzere misozi. Malowa ali pamtunda pa medial yozungulira khoma. Bone mphuno amaoneka ngati mbale quadrangular, elongated m'litali. M'mphuno fupa anachoka ndi ufulu kukhazikitsa maziko a kumbuyo kwa amphuno fupa. Coulter nawo mapangidwe fupa mpanda wa m'mphuno. The zikuchokera nsagwada chapamwamba zikuphatikizapo ndondomeko zinayi ndi thupi ongokhala anayi (m'mphuno, ophthalmic, kumbuyo (infratemporal) ndi zapambuyo) lipedzeke. awiri mbale fupa ali Palatine fupa. Kukula kwa fupa zygomatic amakhudza mawonekedwe ndipo m'lifupi nkhope. Nsagwada m'munsi ndi kokha makina mchitidwe onse opanga achigaza. kapangidwe nsagwada chikuphatikiza thupi ndi awiri anakafika pa makona obtuse kwa izo nthambi.

Development mafupa a mutu, komanso mafupa a nthambi ndi thunthu, limayamba siteji ya kugwirizana minofu. Pankhani zigawo zikuluzikulu kuyikapo mafupa cranial ndi madera awo, chitukuko zikuphatikizapo chichereŵechereŵe ndi fupa (chomaliza) siteji. Mafupa a denga ndi nkhope magawo awiri okha (fupa ndi membranous).

Senile chigaza mapindikidwe limodzi ndi resorption wa zitunda cancellous mankhwala fupa. Choncho amakhala Chimaona, potero kuchepetsa kulemera kwake. Kusintha mawonekedwe chigaza zingakhudze zotsatira makina.