Dzheyms Kuk: yochepa mbiri ndi ulendo

Tsogolo seafarer Dzheyms Kuk anabadwa mu 1728 ku England, mwana wa zakale wogwira ntchito zaulimi. Atatha ophunzira, mnyamata wina ntchito kanyumba mnyamata ngalawa wake woyamba.

Kuyambira Navy

Ngakhale unyamata wake oyambirira Cook anaganiza kuti anapereka moyo wake kwa nyanja. Mu tinkasangalalira anaphunzira maulendo anagwirizana sayansi - madera a zakuthambo ndi mbiri ya kafukufuku m'mayiko latsopano. Mu 1755, ku Royal asilikali apanyanja kwachitika yapamadzi latsopano. Iwo anali Dzheyms Kuk. Mwachidule yonena za munthu m'gulu ntchito ku yapamadzi yosavuta chabe mwezi Bosun ya utumiki.

Panthawi imeneyi anayamba Zisanu Zaka nkhondo ndi France ndi ogwirizana naye. Cook nawo nkhondo pa ngalawa "Mphungu" ndi anatseka misewu ya gombe mdani. Mu 1758 anam'tumiza North America, kumene awiriwo maulamuliro panyanja anapitiriza kulimbana madera ndi chuma. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Cook anali Ambuye - mwamuna. Iye ndi katswiri mapu, analamula kufufuza njira ndi njira ndi wa St. Lawrence Mtsinje. Pa magombe ake anali wofunika kwambiri mzinda wa Quebec, kuti British amafuna kugwila.

Master ali athana ndi ntchito, kotero kuti akanthe chinachitika ndi potenga linga zofunika. Royal Navy anali akatswiri yofunika monga Dzheyms Kuk, kanthawi yonena amene analandira wozungulira latsopano. Atabwerera kunyumba, anayamba kukonzekera ulendo wake woyamba dziko.

Maulendowa loyamba

boma ali allocated Cook yaing'ono ngalawa "Chili". Iwo odziwa yapamadzi anali kufufuza nyanja kum'mwera kupeza Africa wosadziwika, amene amati anali mu M'madera a zitunda kwambiri. Gulu wakhalanso amatamanda odziwa akatswiri - botanists ndi zakuthambo. gulu anali kutsogolera Dzheyms Kuk, yonena mwachidule ndi amene lero amakopeka owerenga ambiri.

Mu 1768 iye anasiya Plymouth doko kukhala Tahiti. Captain kusiyana ndi chakuti chombo walowa chilango okhwima pa ubwenzi dzikowo. Gulu analamulidwa Mulimonsemo kukhala zosemphana ndi mbuli, koma m'malo tiyesa kumanga mwamtendere. Ichi chinali chosemphana ndi mchitidwe mwachizolowezi, ndi colonizers, anthu wamba massively kudula kapena kugwa mu ukapolo. Ichi ndi wotsutsana wofufuza Dzheyms Kuk. Mwachidule yonena za Captain lilibe umboni uliwonse umene iye anayamba anayambitsa kutsutsana ndi mbadwa ya.

New Zealand ndi Australia

Pambuyo Tahiti, kenako New Zealand, amene anafufuza za Dzheyms Kuk. Mwachidule yonena za wofufuza iliyonse buku zikuphatikizapo nkhani ya ntchito yake monga mapu a. Iye anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane lililonse gombe, yomwe tidapita zapitazi. khadi lake ntchito kwa zaka zana. Pa "Chili" anatsegula Bay, amene adawatchanso dzina Mfumukazi Charlotte Sound. Dzina la kapitawo nawo khwalala umene umawalekanitsa zilumba awiri New Zealand.

East gombe la Australia kumene mitundu magulu zobisika za zomera. Chifukwa cha Bay ichi m'chigawo chotchedwa ndi Botanical. Azungu anazizwa pa zomera, kuphatikizapo kangaroos dikovannym. June 11, 1770 chombo zowawa dzenje lalikulu m'madzi, amene kwambiri mochedwa maulendowa.

Pamene kutayikira wakhala ophatikizidwa, "Chili" anapita Indonesia. amalinyero Pali matenda a malungo. Zikhalidwe ukhondo wa ndiye amayandama ali miliri. Komabe, Cook, mwa kumvera malamulo a ukhondo ndi kusintha zakudya akhoza kugonjetsa chiseyeye - ndi bane wa a panyanjawa ankadziwa zambiri. Koma malungo ndi kamwazi sinali njira. Chotero, "Yesetsani" potsiriza kunapezeka mu Cape Town, anthu 12 okha otsalira pa bolodi, kuphatikizapo Cook.

Maulendowa loyamba anali kuti New Zealand imakhala zilumba ziwiri. Cholinga chachikulu cha (kum'mwera kumtunda) ndipo wapezeka. Pa mtengo ndi nyanja kum'mawa kwa Australia panayikidwa mwatsatanetsatane.

Maulendowa yachiwiri

Mu 1772 iye anayamba ulendo watsopano, kutsogozedwa ndi Dzheyms Kuk. Short yonena kuti ana lili mfundo zambiri zochititsa chidwi kuyenda zimene zimachititsa owerenga wamng'ono. Kwenikweni ndi malongosoledwe a zomera zodabwitsa ndi nyama ya zinyama otentha.

Cook atayamba woyamba Bouvet Island, amene poyamba adawonekera kutali Norway ulendo. Komabe, chidutswa aziti iyeyu n'ngwabwino m'dziko ndipo sanapezeke, ndiye timu linaposa kum'mwera. Mu January 1773, "Maonekedwe" ndi "Wongosangalatsa" kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya kafukufuku anawoloka Antarctic Circle. Chifukwa zinthu woopsa nyengo zombo ziwiri, ngakhale mwachidule anaiwala mzake.

Patapita nthawi ulendo kutumiza walunjika Tahiti ndi Hin. Apo, British anakumana ndi kupulupudza a mbadwa, ngakhalenso kudya. M'tsogolo, Cook walunjika chifukwa kum'mawa, kutsegula Caledonia Chatsopano ndi South Georgia. Komabe iye anakwanitsa kufika pa magombe a Antarctica. Iwo anafuna Dzheyms Kuk. Wambiri, mwachidule limene likutengera Zopatsa omveka, wakhala mutu wa maphunziro ambiri a mbiri yakale.

ulendo Last

Mu 1776 anayamba ulendo watsopano. Iwo unali ulendo wotsiriza, amene anali wotsogozedwa ndi Dzheyms Kuk. Wambiri, mwachidule limene likupezeka mabuku onse madera, muli mutu uwu chidwi. Panthawi imeneyi kapitawo ali zombo ziwiri - "Maonekedwe" ndi "Apeza".

December 24, 1777 ulendo anapeza Khirisimasi Island, otchedwa polemekeza tchuthi m'tsogolo. Apa oyendetsa anali kuona dzuwa kadamsana yekha. amanyansidwa wake akadadziwa Dzheyms Kuk, zimene zinaphatikizapo yochepa mbiri, ndi masiku yaitali kuphunzira zakuthambo.

imfa

Kale mu January, ku Ulaya choyamba anaona Islands Hawaii. Apa anapuma ndipo anapita kwa kugombe la Alaska ndi Nyanja Chukchi. M'njiramo zombo anawoloka Arctic Circle. Pa za Aleutian Islands Kuphika anakumana ndi ofufuza Russian ndi industrialists.

Kuchokera kumalo ozizira nyanja timu anabwerera ku Hawaii. Iye anakumana ndi gulu la Aaborijini chiwerengero chikwi. Ndi anthu am'deralo nthawi zonse panali kusamvana, nchifukwa chake iwo anaukira British. Nthawi ina ndi matenda February 14, 1779 Dzheyms Kuk anaphedwa. yonena mwachidule za wofufuza ayenera kudziwika kwa munthu aliyense ophunzirako erudite. Woyendetsa anakhala wopambana dziko mu UK.