Dongosolo kupuma nsomba. Features ya kapangidwe ka nsomba

Chifukwa chakuti aliyense anapatsidwa ziwalo kupuma, ife tonse kupeza ndi chinthu popanda chimene ife sitingakhale - oxygen. nyama zonse dziko ndi anthu, matupi awa akutchedwa mapapo, zomwe kuwaphunzira pazipita kuchuluka kwa mpweya mpweya. dongosolo kupuma komanso tichipeza makutu nsomba, amene retracted mu thupi la mpweya madzi, kumene kuli kuposa mu mlengalenga. Ndi chifukwa cha dongosolo lino la thupi la mitundu ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi lapadziko inakhala anthu onse. Chabwino, tayang'anani pa mbali zonse structural nsomba, kachitidwe kawo kupuma ndi ziwalo zina zofunika.

Mwachidule za nsomba

Kuyamba, yesetsani kumvetsa chimene mtundu wa nyama, monga mmene moyo, kodi ubwenzi ndi munthu. Chifukwa ife tsopano ayamba zamoyo wathu phunziro, mutu "nsomba zam'madzi". Izi ndi superclass wa inakhala kuti moyo mwapadera mu malo m'madzi. Mbali khalidwe n'chakuti nsomba chelyustorotnye ndipo ndi makutu. Dziwani kuti Chiwerengerochi ndi khalidwe lililonse ya nsomba, kaya kukula ndi kulemera. Mu subclass ichi moyo wa munthu amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya zachuma ngati kuchuluka kwa anthu ake kudyedwa.

Ena amakhulupirira kuti nsomba anali pa chiyambi cha kusanduka. Awa ndi zilombo akanakhoza kukhala pansi pa madzi, koma analibe nsagwada, munali anthu okhawo a dziko lapansi. Popeza mitundu kusanduka, ena ayamba nyama, ena anali pansi pa madzi. Ndicho lonse zamoyo phunziro. Mutu wa "nsomba. A mwachidule mbiri ankaona". Science kuti amaphunzira nsomba za m'nyanja, amatchedwa "ichthyology". Tiyeni tifike ku phunziro cha zolengedwa ndi mfundo akatswiri ambiri a view.

Chiwembu ambiri a kapangidwe ka nsomba

Pamodzi tikhoza kunena kuti thupi lililonse nsombayo chidagawika patatu - mutu, torso ndi mchira. Mutu itha m'dera gill (pachiyambi awo kapena mapeto - malingana superclass a). Thunthu mzere itha chotulukira mu nthumwi zonse kalasi ya moyo m'madzi. Mchira chomwecho - gawo chiyambidwe cha thupi, wopangidwa mwa ndodo ndi chipsyepsye.

The mawonekedwe thupi kwambiri amadalira zinthu zachilengedwe. nsomba A yemwe amakhala pakati pa ndime madzi (nsomba, nsombazi) ali oponya mawonekedwe, osachepera - muvi. Anthu zolengedwa za m'nyanja, limene kusambira pamwamba pansi, ndi mawonekedwe flattened. Zikuphatikizapo fulonda, nyanja nkhandwe ndi nsomba zina, zomwe amakakamizidwa kusambira mwa zomera kapena miyala. Iwo kukhala agile mawonekedwe, amene amafananadi ndi njoka. Mwachitsanzo, ziphuphu ndi mwini wake wa thupi elongated amphamvu.

Khadi nsomba - zipsepse zake

Popanda zipsepse ndi kosatheka kuyerekezera Kapangidwe ka nsomba. Zithunzi zimene zimapezeka mu mabuku aana, onetsetsani kuti atipangize kuti gawo la Thupi la anthu m'madzi. Kodi iwo akuimilira?

Choncho, zipsepse ndi wophatikizidwa ndi unpaired. Kungaphatikizepo awiri thoracic ndi m'mimba amene ali symmetrical ndi kusuntha synchronously. Unpaired kuperekedwa monga mchira komanso dorsal chipsyepsye (wina atatu), komanso kumatako ndi mafuta, limene lili yomweyo kumbuyo dorsal chipsyepsye. Paokha, zipsepse ndi lopangidwa ndi kunyezimira mwakhama ndi zofewa. Bukuli lili ndi chiwerengero cha kuwala kuchita masamu chilinganizo chipsyepsye kuti ntchito asankhe mitundu yeniyeni ya nsomba. zilembo Latin chipsyepsye malo otsimikiza (A - kumatako, P - thoracic, V - m'mimba). Kenako mawerengero achiroma akusonyeza nambala ya cheza molimba, ndi Arab - zofewa.

gulu la nsomba

Today inaimitsidwa nsomba zonse zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri - chichereŵechereŵe ndi fupa. Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo okhala ngati a m'nyanja, ndi mafupa a chomwe chichereŵechereŵe zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti munthu kukhala ofewa ndi sangathe kuyenda. oimira ambiri chichereŵechereŵe superclass ikamauma, ndi osalimba ake amakhala pafupifupi ngati fupa. Gulu lachiwiri - nsomba Bony. Biology monga sayansi imanena kuti ndi superclass anali poyambira chirengedwe. Crossopterygii zinatha nsomba poyamba anali mu chimango wake umene kuti zinachitika nyama zonse padziko lapansi pano. Kenako, ife tione pa kapangidwe ka nsomba thupi aliyense wa mitundu imeneyi.

chichereŵechereŵe

Mfundo dongosolo la nsomba cartilaginous si chinachake ndi zovuta ndi zachilendo. Ichi ndi mafupa wabwinobwino, chomwe ndi chichereŵechereŵe mwakhama ndi lolimba. Aliyense pawiri ndi impregnated ndi mchere calcium, kuthandiza chichereŵechereŵe ndipo pali mphamvu. Horda amasunga mawonekedwe ake mu moyo, pamene pang'ono yafupika. Chigaza The chikugwirizana ndi m'kamwa mwa, umene ndi nsomba mafupa ali ndi dongosolo yofunika. Kuti izo zipsepse komanso Ufumuyo - mchira, wophatikizidwa ndi m'mimba ndi m'chifuwa. nsagwada The zili pa mbali ventral a mafupa, ndi mphuno awiri ali pamwamba pa iwo. Cartilaginous mafupa ndi dongosolo akulu a nsomba kuchokera kunja ali ndi mamba wandiweyani, wotchedwa placoid. Iwo wapangidwa ndi dentine, imene kapangidwe kake ndi ofanana ndi mano wamba a nyama zonse m'dziko.

Monga chichereŵechereŵe kupuma

Dongosolo kupuma nsomba chichereŵechereŵe superclass ukufanizidwa slits makamaka gill. Iwo chifukwa cha awiriawiri 5 mpaka 7 m'thupi. Mu ziwalo za mpweya iwo anagawira kudzera valavu mwauzimu kukuchitika pamodzi gulu lonse la nsomba. Mbali khalidwe la chichereŵechereŵe zonse ndi kuti iwo alibe chikhodzodzo kusambira. N'chifukwa chake kukhala zonse paulendowu, osati kupita pansi. M'pofunikanso kukumbukira kuti thupi la nsomba cartilaginous zokhala zolemba mchere madzi munali kuchuluka osachepera mchere wokha. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti ndi chifukwa chakuti mu mwazi wa urea superclass kwambiri, chomwe ambiri a asafe.

fupa

Tsopano tiyeni tione a anthu superclass mafupa amaoneka ngati mafupa a nsomba, komanso kupeza zomwe aliyense amakhala ndi anthu a gulu.

Choncho, mafupa zikufotokozedwa mu mawonekedwe a mutu, thunthu (alipo payokha, monga kuyenera nkhani yapita), komanso wophatikizidwa ndi unpaired m'makona. Chibade lagawidwa pawiri - ubongo ndi choipidwa. The chachiwiri chikuphatikizapo nsagwada ndi Chipilala hyoid, ndiwo Gawo la zida pachibwano. Likupezeka mu gill Chipilala mafupa a nsomba fupa, amene cholinga akugwira gill zida. Koma minofu ya nsomba, iwo onse dongosolo segmental, ndi zapamwamba kwambiri a iwo - ndi chibwano, chipsyepsye ndi gill.

Kupuma zida moyo Bony m'madzi

Mwina chakhala bwinobwino munthu aliyense kuti dongosolo kupuma ndi superclass nsomba fupa makamaka wapangidwa ndi makutu a. Iwo zili pa arches gill. Komanso ndi yofunika zikuluzikulu mbali ya nsomba amenewa gill slits. Iwo anaphimba ndi chivindikiro cha dzina lomwelo, limene lakonzedwa kuonetsetsa kuti nsomba kupuma mu boma kuyenda (monga kuyenera cartilaginous). Mamembala ena a mafupa superclass kupuma kupyolera pa khungu. Koma anthu amene amakhala pansi pa madzi, chotero konse kwambiri pansi M'malo mwake, kumvetsa mpweya ndi makutu awo kuchokera mlengalenga, osati ndi sing'anga amadzimadzi.

Kapangidwe ka makutu ndi

Makutu - thupi lapadera kale wamba kwa zolengedwa zonse protoaquatic okhala padziko lapansi. Zimachitika gidrosredoy mpweya kuwombola ndondomeko pakati pa thupi ndi imene ntchito. Makutu a nsomba nthawi yathu si wosiyana kwambiri anthu a makutu, amene anali chibadidwe okhala kale la dziko lathuli.

Childs, iwo amakhala mu mawonekedwe a mbale ziwiri zofanana zimene atagonjetsa ndi tinjira wandiweyani kwambiri Mitsempha. Mbali ya makutu ndi coelomic madzimadzi. Kuti izo zimapangitsa ndondomeko kuwombola mpweya pakati pa sing'anga amadzimadzi ndi thupi la nsomba. Tikumbukenso kuti malongosoledwe a dongosolo kupuma osati nsomba ndi nyama zimene zili ndi inakhala ambiri okhala m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja. Koma kodi apadera ndinu motsatira dongosolo kupuma, amene ali mwa thupi la nsomba werenganibe.

Kodi makutu

Dongosolo kupuma wa nsomba makamaka anaikira mu mmero. Iwo anali kumeneko anaika arches gill, omwe amagwira ndi dzina lomweli pa matupi kuwombola mpweya. Iwo anapereka mu mawonekedwe a pamakhala, amene anadutsa ndi mpweya, ndi yopulumutsa moyo madzi okwezeka amene ali mkati mwa aliyense nsomba. M'madera ena ndimweko yamazinga gill slits. Ndi kupyolera mwa iwo mpweya kuti akulowa M'kamwa mwa nsomba kumeza ndi madzi.

Mfundo zofunika kwambiri n'chakuti, poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa thupi la mitundu m'madzi, makutu awo ndi lalitali kwambiri kwa iwo. Pa nkhani imeneyi, mu matupi awo ndi vuto ndi osmolarity ya madzi a m'magazi. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, nsomba nthawi zonse kumwa madzi nyanja ndi kumasula izo kupyola mu slits gill, potero mofulumira njira kagayidwe kachakudya zosiyanasiyana. Iwo ali zochepa kapangidwe kuposa magazi, chifukwa mofulumira ndi zambiri efficiently amatipatsa makutu ndipo ziwalo zina za m'kati ndi oxygen.

The kwambiri ndondomeko ya kupuma

Pamene nsomba monga wabadwa, amapuma pafupifupi onse thupi lake. Mitsempha chinamulowerera aliyense wa thupi lake kuphatikizapo chipolopolo akunja, chifukwa mpweya umene uli madzi nyanja likulowerera mu thupi kalekale. M'kupita kwa nthawi, munthu aliyense ngati akuyamba kukhala gill kupuma, ambiri mauna Mitsempha ali okonzeka ndi makutu ndipo ziwalo zonse pafupi. Apa ndi pamene zosangalatsa akuyamba. The ndondomeko ya kupuma aliyense nsomba zimadalira maonekedwe ake anatomical, chifukwa ichthyology zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri - udakali chabe kupuma. Ngati yogwira zonse poyera (nsombayo kupuma "bwinobwino", kutola mpweya makutu ndi kuliona ngati munthu), ndi kungokhala chete ndife kuyesetsa kumvetsa mwatsatanetsatane.

Chabe kupuma ndi kumene izo zimatengera

Mtundu wa kupuma ndi achilendo yekha anthu mkulu-liwiro la nyanja ndipo nyanja. Monga ife tatchulazi, nsombazi, komanso ena anthu ena a superclass wa chichereŵechereŵe sangathe kukhala nthawi yaitali popanda kusuntha, monga iwo alibe chikhodzodzo kusambira. Kuti pali chifukwa china - ndicho, ndi mpweya chabe. Pamene nsomba amasambira pa liwilo, umathandiza pakamwa, ndi kuti basi madzi akulowa. Akuyandikira tracheas ndi makutu, ndi wosiyana ndi mpweya madzi, ndi amene amadyetsa m'madzi chamoyo skorohodnymi kukhalamo. Ndicho chifukwa chake kwa nthawi yaitali kukhala opanda kusuntha nsomba kuteteza zofuna kupuma, popanda amacheza khama aliyense ndi mphamvu. Pomaliza, tikuona kuti mkulu-liwiro okhala madzi mchere makamaka Nsombayi ndi mamembala onse bonito lapansi.

Minofu waukulu wa nsomba thupi

Ndi lophweka kapangidwe ka mtima nsomba zomwe Tikuona mu mbiri ya gulu ili la nyama, nkomwe kusanduka. Kotero thupi ili ndi awiri chipinda. Iwo ukufanizidwa ndi mpope wina waukulu, womwenso zipinda ziwiri - ndi atrium ndi ventricle. Fishy mtima mapampu yekha magazi venous. Mfundo za mitsempha ya magazi a mitundu anatipatsa moyo m'madzi ndi dongosolo chatsekedwa. Magazi amazungulira mwa makutu kapilyarchiki, kenako amachoka n'kulowa muli, ndiyeno kachiwiri mogwirizana mu capillaries ang'onoang'ono, amene anatipatsa kale ndi ziwalo zina za m'kati. Ndiye "anakhala" magazi Akusonkhanitsa mitsempha (ali nsomba ziwiri - kwa chiwindi ndi mtima), amene amapita mwachindunji mtima.

Pomaliza

Kuti anathera zamoyo athu mwachidule phunziro. nsomba nkhani kunapezeka kuti chidwi ndithu, zosangalatsa ndiponso yosavuta. Thupi la deta ya moyo m'madzi ndi wofunika kwambiri kwa phunziro, monga ankakhulupirira kuti anali anthu oyamba a dziko lathuli, aliyense wa iwo - ichi ndi ingatithandize kusanduka. Komanso, kuphunzira kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya thupi la nsomba zambiri mosavuta kuposa wina aliyense. Ndipo kukula kwa okhala awa madzi Stoch alandiridwa ndithu kwa review zambiri, ndipo nthawi yomweyo machitidwe onse ndi maphunziro osavuta ndi Kufikika, ngakhale kwa ana kusukulu.