Chipilala Ivanu Fedorovu mu Moscow

Ganizo kukhazikitsa chipilala Ivanu Fedorovu anabadwa mu 1870. kanthu anabwera ku Moscow m'mabwinja Society. Mu chaka chomwecho anatsimikizidwa onse-Russia muzimvetsera, anapeza amene wodzipereka ku chitukuko ndi unsembe wa chipilala cha. Kwa zaka 39, mu 1909, yaikulu kutsegula kwa chipilala cha.

nkhani za m'mbiri

Oyambirira kusindikizidwa anaonekera mu Russia, analembedwa March 1, 1564, koma anayamba ntchito kale m'buku kumasulidwa - April 19, 1563. Dzina la munthu amene anadzipereka ntchito yosindikiza kwa zaka zambiri za moyo wake - Moskovitin Ivan Fedorovich. Ana chikudziwika ngati mpainiya Ivan Fyodorov.

Wambiri Fedorov sichinayambe kuphunzira bwinobwino. Makamaka, palibe mfundo zodalirika za maonekedwe ake, mfundo payekha moyo. Komabe, tidziwa kuti ndi nthawi pamene Ivan Fedorov chinkhoswe mu typography, iye anali ndi mwambo wauzimu - anatumikira monga dikoni mu mpingo mu Moscow Kremlin, ndipo anali mmodzi mwa pafupifupi anthu Metropolitan Macarius.

Izi zisanachitike, anamaliza ku University Cracow ndipo linapereka mutu wa Bachelor. Nthawi imeneyo maphunziro ankaona yapamwamba kwambiri. Akukhulupirira kuti anali wophunzira, Ivan Fedorov anakumana ndi luso kusindikiza umene anausankha Johann Gutenberg.

Kufotokozera chosema

Chipilala Ivanu Fedorovu yakwera pedestal otsika, imene muli kumasulidwa tsiku oyambirira kusindikizidwa kwa bukhu. Zimasonyezanso chizindikiro "JF". Ndicho chimene mbuye inati ntchito zawo. Kumbali n'zosiyana wa pedestal muli ndi chizindikiro otengedwa epilogue kuti buku loyamba lofalitsidwa pa makina.

The chosema chosonyeza chithunzi anthu zovala za mbuye. Popeza kusowa mfundo za maonekedwe Ivana Fedorova, munthu akhoza kuganiza kuti ndiAmene wa chipilala amene ali pa ntchito yake fano zowombetsa mkota wa anthu Russian.

Mu dzanja lake lamanja chimagwirizanitsa mbuye pepala ndi kuganiza kusindikizidwa. Ndi dzanja lake lamanzere iye wagwira bolodi - mchitidwe wa osindikizira.

Olemba chosema ndi

Nkhani limatiuza mmene chipilala Ivanu Fedorovu mu Moscow, osiyanasiyana luso mbiri yakale anamasulira mosiyana. Ena a iwo amanena kuti mpikisano polenga chosema anali analengeza mu 1901, imene opambana anali katswiri wa zomangamanga ndi zosemasema Volnukhin Mashkov. Iwo ankakonda mfundo zina mamembala a loweruza, kuti mwayi kuwina ofuna lamanzere.
Malinga ndi zosiyana, ojambula zithunzi pofuna nawo mpikisano, kumene kunali koyenera kuti akonze chipilala Ivanu Fedorovu, anali kwambiri. Iwo anapereka ntchito zawo kwa Commission osati anzake mphunzitsi wamkulu, komanso amisiri aluso ochokera m'mayiko ambiri European.

Kusankha malo chipilala mu Moscow

Malo komwe kuli chipilala Ivanu Fedorovu, si mbiri yakale. Poyamba, iye sanali kutali Nikolskaya Street. Kumeneko munali woyamba yosindikiza House. Printshop timbewu walunjika ndi Ivan Fedorov.

Poyamba a "Mtumwi" linasindikizidwa pano. mwambo umenewu wa chaka 1563-1564. Mbiriyakale, izo zinali pa msewu Nicholas wakhala ambiri Mabukunso ndi masitolo kale. Mbali ya msewu, ndipo anaitana - "buku".

M'zaka za m'ma XX, chipilala Ivanu Fedorovu mu Moscow anasamuka ku malo kangapo. zosankha atengedwa ndi boma mogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa ndale mu moyo wa dziko, kapena n'zogwirizana ndi kumanga zinachitika mu gawo ili la mzinda.

likulu Public akusonyeza, limanena kuti chipilala Ivanu Fedorovu ayenera kutenga malo ake oyenera, chikugwirizana ndi mbiri ya ntchito yosindikiza mabuku ku Russia. Komanso kuthandiza maganizo azambiriyakale, ansembe ndi amene amasangalala mbiri ya Russia onse.

Nkhani ya chipilala Ivanu Fedorovu ndi anzake angamvele ku kalozera iliyonse iwo pa nthawi imene anali mu Moscow, kuchita maulendo kuti malowa chikumbutso.

Typography ku Ukraine ndi Lithuania

Zochitika za zaka zimenezo, pamene iye ankakhala Ivan Fyodorov, zinachitika, kotero kuti iye ndi wachiŵiri lake lapamtima Petrom Mstislavtsem, anauzidwa kuti achoke Moscow. Izi anali yoyamba kuyatsa nyumba zosindikizira, yemwe anawonongedwa ndi moto, ndi kuzunzidwa koopsa kwa ambuye yosindikiza ndi enumerators lapansi.

Choyamba, Ivan Fedorov anapita ku Lithuania, pamene anayamba ntchito pamoyo wake. mabuku, omwe anasindikizidwa pano sanali kokha lathu achipembedzo, komanso maphunziro. Mmodzi buku longa ndi phunziroli chifukwa kulemba.
Kenako, Ivan Fedorov anasamukira ku dziko Chiyukireniya. Apa iye anatsegula yosindikiza wake atolankhani omwe ndi kuika chiyambi yosindikiza ku Ukraine. Iwo ndi kusindikiza kwachiwiri linatulutsidwa ntchito yosindikiza "Mtumwi".

December 5, 1583 Ivan Fyodorov anamwalira ndipo anaikidwa ku Lviv mu wotchuka St. Onufrievskom obisika.

Tsoka la munthu wolemekezekayu anali yekha ulemerero ndi ulemu. Iye ankayenera kuti tipirire chizunzo, kudana ndi anthu, umphawi, chinyengo. Koma mayeso onse kuthana ndi chikhulupiriro cholimba mu kulungama kwa yawo.

Anasiya wa Ivan Fedorov

Tsopano amadziwika Mabaibulo khumi kusindikizidwa mwachindunji Ivanom Fedorovym. Onsewo ndi manda chidali luso yosindikiza komanso ndi chuma cha limati pa dera la sitolo kuti.
Alendo nyumbayi kuwona zilembo za, mfiti kuponyedwa nyumba oyambirira kusindikizidwa. Iwo bwino zikawerengedwa lero. zilembo zazikulu, screensavers, mathero masamba a mabuku amasiyana suoneka ntchito ndi zapadera finesse kamangidwe.

Waukulu zimasiyanitsa mbali ya mabuku onse ankasindikizidwa Ivanom Fedorovym - ndi kukhalapo mu iwo a oyamba ndi afterword wofalitsa. Chilankhulo cha kuyitana izi yosavuta kumva kwa aliyense. Iwo akunena okha kuti Ivan Fyodorov anaoneratu - buku kusindikizidwa tsogolo la anthu. Iye sankakayikira ngakhale pang'ono kuti uthenga wake kukhala kuwerenga mibadwo latsopano.

ana yokumbukira

Chipilala upainiya Ivanu Fedorovu si likulu la Russia. Munthu uyu anakumbukira ndi m'mayiko ena. ntchito kwa anthu ndi akulu, ndi anthu ulemu kukumbukira iye. Chipilala Ivanu Fedorovu unakhazikitsidwa Lviv. Komanso, pali Museum luso la mabuku akale Chiyukireniya. pakati chikhalidwe chikutchedwa Ivan Fedorov.

Mu 1983 ndi chigamulo cha mabungwe UNESCO mayiko padziko lonse amakondwerera tsiku 400th wa imfa ya munthu ameneyu. Chaka unachitikira ku Moscow buku fairs. Monga mbali ya mwambo umenewu nthawi zonse inakonzedwa ntchito, pamene anafotokoza za ubwino wa Ivan Fedorov ndi anzake.