Yambani yosindikiza

Kutulukira yosindikiza, mosakayikira chifukwa chilengedwe cha pa makina osindikizira. chochitika imatengedwa chosintha mu zochitika za malonda buku. Start yosindikiza anapereka kutsogolera kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha umbuli. Ichi chinali chifukwa kufalikira mofulumira nzeru zaka kopivsheysya analenga chikhalidwe. Mwa anthu onse padziko lapansi wauka zikuchepa ludzu kuwerenga, lomwe chinathandiza chitukuko cha chidziwitso cha mpatuko wa.

Tikumbukenso kuti kutulukira si makina chochitika atolankhani anali lachibadwa. zinthu zake zonse anapanga pang'onopang'ono. Mu nthawi zosiyanasiyana magwiridwe a makina amatenga zosiyanasiyana.

Pali zosiyanasiyana zokhudza amene anayambitsa ntchito yosindikiza. Nkhani limafotokoza zatsopano loyamba la ntchito buku Korea, Mongolia, Japan, China, kale mu zaka 10-11. Koma, mwatsoka, kwenikweni ndi bukhu, nthawi zambiri anafotokoza, mpaka tsopano sizinawakhudze. Choncho ankaona kuti chiyambi cha yosindikiza mabuku anayambika ndi Johannes Gutenberg (1399-1468) ,. Mwa kaphatikizidwe umisiri osiyana, ndiye alipo mu kupanga iye anatulukira njira yangwiro kwa nthawi ya buku lakuti. Choyamba, Guttenberg anakhala woyambitsa wa wosasintha latsopano. M'malo otchulidwa munthu akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito zitsulo osewera afa galasi fano. Iwo akuvutika kwa mbale mkuwa, zamkati anadzazidwa ndi aloyi wapadera muli antimony, kutsogolera ndi malata. Motero, zinali zotheka kuti aumbe mawu ndi makalata chochuluka.

Guttenberg mu 1450 nayamba kulalikira Baibulo wonse wa Baibulo (woyamba mu Europe). Pakati pa mamita 1452 ndi 1454-mamita (malinga ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana) anatha kusindikiza 42 mzere kope. Baibulo wotchedwa chifukwa chakuti pa lililonse tsamba (tsamba onse anali mu 1282) ali mizere 42 zipilala ziwiri.

Ana Gutenberg (Pannartst ndi Svengeym) anayamba zimafala Kutulukira yosindikiza luso mu Europe. Choncho, chiyambi yosindikiza chinathandiza chilengedwe cha nthambi yatsopano chikhalidwe ndi kupanga nthawi yomweyo - makampani yosindikiza. Chifukwa chakuti mfundo "kufalitsa" panalibe pa nthawi, inu ankaganiza latsopano zapaderazi ntchito kuzindikira kwathunthu, kuphatikizapo kugulitsa mabuku masitolo pa makina osindikizira.

Mu mbiri ya makampani kufalitsa mu 1500 imatengedwa kwambiri m'Matchalitchi. Pa nthawi imeneyi, yopanga buku wakhala ambiri, ngakhale mtengo m'malo okwezeka. Pa nthawi yomweyo kusindikizidwa pamaso 1500 buku lotchedwa "incunabula" - opangidwa mu "mchikuta" m'buku, anamasulidwa Patapita chaka chino, tinalandira dzina "palaeotypes" - "mabuku akale."

Yambani makina mu Russia kunayamba m'ma 1550. Pamene kazembe Ivan Grozny, amene anali ndi thandizo kwambiri ndi chitukuko cha typography. Koma, mwatsoka, mabuku oyamba anamasulidwa, "anonymous" (lilibe deta ikhoza kupangitsa). Choncho, mbiri sizinalembedwe deta pa oyambirira kusindikizidwa.

Akukhulupirira kuti Ivan Fedorov anakhala chosindikizira choyamba mu Russia. Kumasulidwa iwo, "Mtumwi," March 1, 1564 wakhala chitsanzo cha makina luso la nthawi. bukuli linatuluka pansi mothandizidwa ndi pa malangizo a Metropolitan Macarius. Buku ndi kutanthauzira tingachipeze powerenga za otsatira Mkhristu chiphunzitso cha Khristu. Ndi cholinga buku kanjedza achipembedzo.

Mu 1565, Fedorov mu malo ndi wothandizira Petrom Mstislavtsem anamasulidwa unakhala wotchuka kwambiri buku "Breviary." Choncho, chinali chiyambi cha Russian typography. Otsatira Fedorov pambuyo anamasulidwa "Masalmo." Ambiri m'ma B16 naintini mabuku zinasindikizidwa mu Moscow yosindikiza nyumba. Kenako, boma yofalitsa wakhala kukodzedwa. Iwo anayamba ntchito proofreaders, akonzi ndi akatswiri ena.