Banja lomaliza lachifumu. Kupha banja lachifumu: zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira

otsiriza Russian banja Mfumu Nikolaya Romanova anaphedwa mu 1918. Chifukwa obisika ndi Bolsheviks, pali zingapo Mabaibulo zina. Kwa nthawi yaitali Panali mphekesera zoti, kutembenuzira kupha banja lachifumu ku nthano. Anali chiphunzitso kuti munthu adapulumuka ana ake.

Zimene zinachitika m'chilimwe cha 1918 pafupi Yekaterinburg? Yankho la funso limeneli lili mu nkhani yathu.

prehistory

Russia m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri anali mmodzi wa mayiko ambiri olemera a dziko. Amene anabwera zopangira Nikolay Aleksandrovich anali munthu wofatsa ndi womveka. Mu mzimu sanali autocrat, ndi wapolisi. Choncho, malingaliro ake pa moyo zinali zovuta kulamulira boma n'chochepa.

Kukwera kwa 1905 yasonyeza kulephera kwa boma ndi kudzipatula ake kwa anthu. Ndipotu panali mphamvu awiri mu dziko. Official - Mfumu, ndipo weniweni - akuluakulu, olemekezeka ndi nzika. Zinali otsiriza a dyera wake, chiwerewere ndi zam'tsogolo kuwononga mphamvu kamodzi kwambiri.

Zokhoma ndi misonkhano, zitsanzo, zachiwawa mkate, njala. Zonsezi zimasonyeza kuchepa mphamvu. Njira kunja akhoza kukhala inalowa mpando wachifumu wopondereza ndi okhwima wolamulira, amene anali wokhoza kulamulira dziko kwathunthu pansi pa ulamuliro wake.

Nicholas II monga sanali. Iye ankafunitsitsa yomanga njanji, mipingo, kuwongolera chuma cha anthu. Iye anali wokhoza patsogolo m'madera amenewa. Koma kusintha zolimbikitsa, mbali yaikulu yekha nsonga za anthu, ndi ambiri a anthu wamba mu Ages Middle anali akadali mlingo. Muuni, zitsime, ngolo ndi mlungu wamba luso.

Pambuyo pa kulowa kwa Russian Ufumu wa First World nkhondo okha adakula kusakhutira anthu. Kuwombera wa m'banja lachifumu wakhala apotheosis wa misala konsekonse. Kenako, tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane mlandu umenewu.

Tsopano Nkofunika kudziwa zotsatirazi. Pambuyo abdication wa Tsar Nicholas II ndi m'bale wake wachifumu m'dziko kutsogolo kuyamba patsogolo asilikali, ogwira ntchito ndi anthu wamba. Anthu amene poyamba analibe chochita kasamalidwe, ndimasewera osachepera chikhalidwe ndi maweruzo chabe, akapeza mphamvu.

Small anatumiza kumeneko ankafunitsitsa azimukonda chiwerengero apamwamba. Wamba chomwecho ndi junior alonda ali mindlessly chabe talamulidwa. Nthawi ya Mavuto komwe kwachitika mu zaka zino, ankathamanga kuyenda pamwamba pa nyengo yovuta.

Kenako mudzaona zithunzi zambiri za mfumu Romanov banja. Ngati inu muyang'ana pa iwo molimba, muona kuti zovala mfumu, mkazi wake ndi ana si kumusangalatsa. Iwo sali osiyana ndi anzawo yolumikizana alimi ndi alonda.
Tiyeni tione zimene zinachitika mu Yekaterinburg mu July 1918.

Inde zochitika

Kuwombera wa m'banja lachifumu zinakonzedwa ndi kukonzekera nthawi yaitali. Pamene mphamvu anali akadali mu manja a Provisional boma, iwo anali kuyesera kuti ateteze. Choncho, mfumu Petrograd pambuyo zochitika mu July 1917, mkazi wake, ana ake ndi anamuperekeza kunditumiza ku Tobolsk.

Malo osankhidwa chete. Koma zoona ife tinapeza otere, omwe zinali zovuta kuti kuthawa. Ndi nthawi yokonza njanji sizinachitike anatambasula kuti Tobolsk. Siteshoni pafupi unali makilomita mazana awiri makumi asanu ndi atatu.

Boma wogwirizira kufuna kuteteza banja la Mfumu, chotero kutchulidwa kwa Tobolsk anali kwa Nicholas II wotopa pamaso pa kutulo lotsatira. Mfumu, mfumukazi, ana awo ndi anamuperekeza awo kumeneko kwa miyezi yoposa isanu.

Koma mu April, ndi Bolsheviks pambuyo kowawa kulimbirana kumbukirani za "yosatha malonda". Chigamulo wapangidwa kupulumutsa banja lachifumu mu Ekaterinburg, akale nthawi kuti malo achitetezo a kayendedwe wofiira.

Choyamba mu Perm inasamutsidwa kuchoka Petrograd Duke Michael, mbale wa mfumu. Chakumapeto March, anatulutsa mwana wake Michael ndi ana atatu ndi Konstantin Konstantinovich mu Vyatka. Kenako otsiriza anayi anasintha kuti Ekaterinburg.

Chifukwa chachikulu pa ntchito yomasulira kum'mawa zitsulo zimakhalira pachibale Nikolai Alexandrovich German Mfumu William ndi moyandikana anagwirizana Petrograd. The boma adawopa amasulidwe mfumu ndi ulamuliro wachifumu unayambanso.

Chidwi udindo Yakovlev, amene anapatsidwa kunyamula mfumu ndi kwa Tobolsk kuti Ekaterinburg banja. Iye ankadziwa za kuyandikira ku Siberia Bolsheviks anafuna mfumu.

Malinga yachokera, pali malingaliro awiri a akatswiri. Choyamba kunena kuti tanyamula Konstantin Myachin. Ndipo iye anauzidwa ku Center "kuti mfumu ndi banja lake mu Moscow." Yotsirizira amakonda kukhulupirira kuti Yakovlev anali kazitape European, ife tikulinga kuti apulumutse Mfumu, anatengedwa ku Japan kudzera Omsk ndi Vladivostok.

Atafika Ekaterinburg akaidi onse anaikidwa panyumba Ipatiev. Sungani chithunzi cha mfumu Romanov banja kufala kwa Ural Soviet Yakovlev. Place m'ndende mwa boma wotchedwa "wapadera cholinga kunyumba."

Kumeneko inachitika masiku makumi asanu ndi atatu. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za mkhalidwe wa operekeza kwa Mfumu ndi banja lake zidzafotokozedwa ina. Padakali pano, m'pofunika kutsindika kuti munthu wamwano ndi boorish. Anatayira, ankakakamiza maganizo ndi maganizo nkhanza, kotero kuti sanali noticeable kwa mpanda Nyumbayi.

Poganizira zotsatira za zofufuza, ife tione usiku, pamene mfumu ndi banja lake anamuperekeza wake anawomberedwa. Tsopano tiona kuti aphedwe zinachitika mu theka la usiku wachitatu. Sing'anga-dokotala Botkin a boma akulamula akaidi onse atadzuka, napita nawo mu m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba.

Palinso unali mlandu zoopsa. Analamula Jurowski. Iye anafuula ayezi okonzeka kuti iwo "ndi kuyesa kupulumutsa, ndi nkhaniyo mwamsanga." Palibe akaidi sanamvetse. Nicholas II anali kufunsa kubwereza zimene zinanenedwa, koma mantha zinthu mantha asilikali anayamba kuwombera mwachisawawa. Ndipo punishers angapo zipolopolo ku chipinda china kudzera pakhomo. Malinga ndi mboni sakupha nthawi zonse poyamba. Ena zinatsirizidwa ndi bayonets.

Motero, amasonyeza mofulumira ndi kusowa kwa ntchito maphunziro. aphedwe anali lynching, yemwe ankapita ku Bolsheviks anataya mitu yawo.

disinformation Government

Kuwombera wa m'banja lachifumu adakali sanathetsedwe chinsinsi Russian mbiri. Udindo atrocity uyu angathe kugona onse Lenin ndi Sverdlov kuti Uralsovet chabe kupereka alibi, ndipo mwachindunji pa boma ku Siberia amene anakumana ndi mantha ambiri ndipo anataya mitu yawo yankhondo.

Komabe, nthawi yomweyo pambuyo upandu ndi bwino boma linakhazikitsa ndawala angayeretsere mbiri yawo. Pakati ofufuza zinakhalira mu nthawi iyi, ntchito posachedwapa amatchedwa "disinformation kampeni".

Imfa ya banja lachifumu anatsimikizidwa yekha muyeso kutero. Popeza, malinga ndi nkhani Bolshevik anawawerenga chiwembu potsimikizira-chosintha anatulukira. Akuluakulu ena woyera kukonzekera kuukira Ipatiev nyumba ndi kutimasula mfumu ndiponso banja lake.

Mfundo yachiwiri, chimene mwaukali kubisala kwa zaka, anali kuti anawomberedwa anthu khumi. Mfumu, mkazi wake, ana asanu ndi amuna anayi a atumiki.

Events milandu anali sichinaululidwe kwa zaka zingapo. chilolezo cha boma anapatsidwa yekha mu 1925. chigamulocho. chifukwa kutulutsidwa kwa buku Ulaya kumene zotsatira za kufufuza anakumana Sokolov. Pa nthawi yomweyo apatsidwa Bykov lemba za "Inde lino la zinthu." Kabuku aka zinalengedwa Sverdlovsk mu 1926.

Komabe, Bolsheviks kugona pa mlingo lonse, komanso kubisala choonadi kwa anthu wamba kugwedeza chikhulupiriro chawo mu mphamvu. Izi upandu ndi zotsatira zake, malinga Lykova zakhudzira anthu kukayikira boma, lomwe sanasinthe ngakhale mu nyengo pambuyo Soviet.

Tsogolo la mpumulo wa Romanovs

Kuwombera wa m'banja lachifumu anali kukonzekera. Mofananamo, "Kutentha" anali kuwonongedwa kwa m'bale a mfumu Mikhail Alexandrovich ndi mlembi wake.
Usiku wa khumi pa 13 June 1918 anali mokakamiza kuchotsedwa hotelo mzinda wa Perm. Iwo anawomberedwa mu nkhalango, ndi mitembo yawo sizinachitike anatulukira.

Pakuti mawu mayiko atolankhani ilo linapangidwa, kuti Grand Duke anali kubedwa ndi hackers akhala akusowa. Kwa Russia, Baibulo boma anali kuthawa Mikhail Alexandrovich.

Cholinga cha ntchito iyi anali mofulumira mlandu wa mfumu ndiponso banja lake. Rumor kuti anathawa zimachititsa kuti amasulidwe "wamagazi wankhanza" ndi "chilango basi".

Iye anavutika osati banja lachifumu lomaliza. Mu Vologda, anthu asanu ndi atatu anaphedwa ndi zochitika chokhudza Romanovs. ovutikawo m'gulu la Imperial Magazi Prince Igor, Ivan ndi Konstantin Konstantinovichi, Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich, Prince Paley, kuchepetsa ndi kelejnitsy.

Onsewo adzaponyedwa mu Selimskaja dzenje pansi, pafupi ndi tauni ya Alapayevsk m'chigawo Perm. Only Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich adalimbana ndi anawomberedwa. Ena wodabwa ndi kuponyedwa moyo pansi. Mu 2009, iwo canonized ngati ofera.

Koma nyota eneyi kwa magazi akupitirirabe. Mu January 1919, pa malo anayamba anawomberedwa Romanovs anayi. Grand Atsogoleri Akuimira Ndani Nicholas ndi Georgy Mikhailovich, wotchedwa Dmitry K. ndi Pavel Aleksandrovich. Baibulo boma la Committee Chiwukirano anali awa: kuwonongedwa kwa Anagwiranso poyankha kupha Liebknecht ndi Luxemburg ku Germany.

Maulendo a m'nthawi

Ofufuza anafuna m'maulendo mmene anthu a m'banja lachifumu anaphedwa. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri ndi thandizo kusamalira maumboni a anthu amene analipo uko.
Choyamba gwero ngati ndi zolemba manotsi a Trotsky. Iye ananena kuti vuto ndi makonsolo. Makamaka anasankha mayina a Stalin ndi Sverdlov monga anthu amene anagwira zimenezi. Lev Davidovich limanena kuti mawu a chiyerekezo cha asilikali Czechoslovak mawu Stalin kuti "mfumu sangapereke azungu", anakhala aphedwe.

Koma asayansi kukayikira ndi chinyezimiro molondola zochitika Werengani. Iwo anapangidwa mu mmasate mochedwa, pamene iye ankagwira ntchito pa nkhani yonena za Stalin. Pali zinthu zolakwa kusonyeza kuti Trotsky adayiwala zambiri zochitika.

Mboni yachiwiri ndi mfundo nkhaniyo wa Milutin, amene anatchula kupha banja lachifumu. Iye analemba kuti Sverdlov anabwera ku msonkhano ndipo anapempha Lenin mawu. Kamodzi Yakov ananena kuti mfumuyo inafa, Lenin zikuchepa anasintha nkhaniyi ndipo anapita msonkhano ngati chiganizo m'mbuyomu sanali.

Mbiri yonse ya banja lachifumu m'masiku otsiriza a moyo kubwezeretsedwa kwa ndondomeko ya mafunso a ophunzira mu zochitika izi. Ogwiritsa wa alonda, ndi detachments Chilango maliro umboni kangapo.

Ngakhale zili anasokoneza zambiri, koma lingaliro zofunika akanali yemweyo. ndi Bolsheviks onse, amene anali pafupi ndi mfumu mu miyezi ingapo yapitayi, izo zimayenera amanena. Wina m'mbuyomu akhala m'ndende ndekha, munthu ali ndi achibale. Ambiri, ife anasonkhana chimadalira pa wakale akaidi.

Mu Yekaterinburg, ndi Bolsheviks wosweka ndi n'ngopandukira ndi Socialist-boma. Pofuna kuti asataye kukudalirani, bungwe m'deralo, anaganiza mwamsanga kutha mlanduwo. The kwambiri chifukwa panali mphekesera Lenin akufuna kusinthana banja lachifumu kuchepetsa wa indemnity.

Malinga ndi ophunzira, iyi inali njira yokhayo yabwino. Komanso, ambiri a iwo pa mafunso monyadira kuti anapha mfumu panokha. Amene pa wina ndi wina akatemera atatu. Malinga ndi zolemba za Nicholas ndi mkazi wake, antchito amene anali kudikirira iwo nthawi zambiri anali ataledzera. Choncho, chifukwa zinthu zina weniweni sangakhoze limzake.

Kodi n'chiyani chinachitikira mtembo wa

wachifumu banja kupha anatenga mseri, ndipo ankafuna Akubisa. Koma amene ali ndi udindo kuwonongedwa kwa zotsalira za ndiribe kupirira ndi ntchitoyo.

lalikulu kwambiri maliro timu anali atasonkhana kumeneko. Yurovsky anali kutumiza ambiri anabwerera kumzinda "ofunika".

Malinga ndi umboni wa gulu pochita izo ikuchitika ndi ntchito masiku ochepa. Poyamba, zinakonzedwa anatentha zovala, ndi matupi amaliseche anaponyedwa m'dzenje, ndi kudzaza dziko lapansi. Koma kugwa kwa crossbar lapansi. Ine ndinali kuchotsa zotsalira za banja lachifumu ndipo anabwera ndi njira ina.

Anaganiza kuwotcha kapena m'manda panjira, amene chabe ikumangidwa. Poyamba pakati amaipitsa thupi la sulfuric asidi-kuzindikira. Kuyambira mphindi zikuonekeratu kuti matupi awiri zopsereza ndi m'manda mpumulo.

Zimamveka anatentha thupi la Alexei ndi mtsikana wina kwa antchito.

Vuto chachiwiri chinali timu anali otanganidwa usiku onse ndi m'mawa anayamba kuoneka apaulendo. kuti cordon pa malo ndi asaloledwe oyendayenda wa m'mudzi woyandikana anapatsidwa. Koma mobisa ntchito anali kwadzaoneni analephera.

Kufufuza wasonyeza kuti akufuna kuyika matupi anali pafupi wanga №7 ndi 184 TH kusuntha. Makamaka, pafupi yotsirizira iwo anapeza mu 1991.

kufufuza Kirsten

26-27 July 1918 alimi anapeza kwinakunso pafupi Iset mgodi wa golide mtanda ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali. The anapezazo yomweyo anatengedwa mkulu Sheremetyevo, amene anali asilikali Bolsheviks m'mudzi Koptyaki. Iwo anali ikuchitika kufufuza kuyambirira, koma kenako choncho anapatsidwa Kirste.

Iye anayamba kuphunzira mboni amene anatchula kupha banja Romanov. Za osokonezeka ndi mantha. Wapolisiyo sanayembekezere kuti si mapeto a khoti nkhondo, ndi mlandu.

Anayamba kufunsa mboni, amene anapereka umboni otsutsana. Koma potengera iwo Kirsta poganiza kuti mwina adaombera yekha Mfumu ndi wolowa nyumba. Acibanja ndi anasamutsidwa kuti Perm.

Zikuoneka kuti wapolisiyo kuika cholinga kudziwa kuti si onse a Romanov m'banja lachifumu aphedwe. Ngakhale pambuyo bwino anatsimikizira upandu, Kirsten anapitiriza kufufuza anthu atsopano.

Choncho, pa nthawi anapeza dokotala wina Utochkina zikutsimikizira kuti Achitira kalonga Anastasia. Ndiye umboni wina analankhula za kusandulika kwa mkazi wake ndi ana ena mfumu mu Perm, zimene iye ankadziwa mphekesera.

Pambuyo Kirsta kwathunthu muddled nkhaniyi, kunapatsidwa kwa wofufuzayo wina.

Sokolov kufufuza

Amene anayamba kulamulira mu 1919, Kolchak anapereka kuti Diteriks kumvetsa mmene banja Romanov achifumu anaphedwa. Last reassign choncho kuti wapolisiyo wokhudza kwambiri wa dera Omsk.

dzina lake anali Sokolov. Kupha banja lachifumu, Munthu uyu adayamba kufufuza kuchokera zikande. zonse ntchito mu ofesi, koma iye sanali kukhulupirira ndondomeko zosokoneza Kirsten Ngakhale wakhala anasamutsidwa.

Chiwombankhanga ankakhulupirira anadzacheza pa mgodi, komanso nyumba banja Ipatiev. anayendera Home kunali kovuta kupeza pali ndodo ya Czech Army. Komabe, kulemba German pa khoma, anawatenga mu ndime Heine a anapeza kuti mfumu anapha nkhani. mawu anali bwino zochepa chabe pambuyo pa imfa ya mzinda wofiira.

Kuwonjezera zikalata Yekaterinburg, wapolisiyo eŵatuma mlandu pa kuphedwa kwa Prince Michael Permian ndi chotsutsana ndi akalonga Alapaevsk.

Apanso, Bolsheviks anagwira dera, Sokolov wolowa mu Harbin, ndiponso kwa Ulaya ndi zolembalemba onse. Iwo anasamutsidwa zithunzi za banja lachifumu, zolemba, ndi umboni wina.

Zotsatira za kufufuza, iye lofalitsidwa mu 1924 ku Paris. Mu 1997, chaka chomwecho, Hans Adamu Wachiwiri, Kalonga wa Liechtenstein, anapambana zolembalemba ku boma la Russia. M'malo mwake iye owona banja lake anapulumutsidwa, zimagulitsidwa pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World.

kufufuza zamakono

Mu 1979 gulu la okonda kutsogoleredwa ndi Ryabov ndi Avdonina zolembedwa archival chinakwiliridwa pafupi siteshoni "184 Km". Mu 1991, yotsirizira ananena kuti iye ankadziwa pamene zotsalira za Mfumu ndi kuwomberedwa. Izo zinali kachiwiri unkatchedwa kufufuza kuti potsiriza waunikira kupha banja lachifumu.

The ntchito yaikulu iyi inachitika ku miyala ya Mitu iwiri ndi midzi zimene zidali mbali imodzi ya malipoti makumi awiri pachaka. ndondomeko afufuza, makalata matelegalamu, zithunzi m'banja lachifumu ndipo zolemba. Komanso, mothandizidwa ndi a Unduna Woona za okhonda kuchita kafukufuku miyala ambiri a kumayiko a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi United States.

Kutaya kufufuza nawo mkulu wozenga criminologist Solovyov. Ambiri, adatsimikizira zipangizo zonse Sokolov. uthenga wake wa mabishopu, Alexy II limanena kuti "zinthu pamene zosatheka pa nthawi anali chiwonongeko chotheratu cha mitembo."

Komanso, chifukwa cha mapeto a XX - kumayambiriro kwa zaka XXI, kwathunthu adakana Baibulo zina zochitika, tikambirana ina.
The canonization wa m'banja lachifumu unachitikira mu 1981, tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox Lina, ndipo mu Russia - mu 2000.

Chidwi mfundo ndi ziphunzitso

Popeza Bolsheviks anayesa m'kagulu upandu, mphekesera kuti achititsa kuti mapangidwe Mabaibulo zina.

Chotero, mmodzi wa iwo anali mwambo kupha chifukwa zhidomasonov chiwembu. Mmodzi wa kudzathandiza wapolisiyo kuti iye adawona "zizindikiro Kabbalistic" pa makoma a m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba. Pamene afufuze kunapezeka kuti zipsera za zipolopolo ndi bayonets.

Malinga chiphunzitso Diterichs, wakhala asakhalenso ndi osungidwa ndi mutu mowa mfumu. mabwinja anapeza adatsutsa ndi lingaliro wamisalayu.

Mphekesera, lotayirira Bolsheviks, ndi umboni wonama "maso mboni" wafunsira mndandanda wa mabaibulo amuna anathawa. Koma zithunzi banja lachifumu m'masiku otsiriza a moyo sanali kutsimikizira iwo. Anapezanso ndi kuzindikiridwa zotsalira kukana Mabaibulo awa.

Pokhapokha mfundo zonse za upandu, mu Russia panali canonization wa m'banja lachifumu akhala kutsimikiziridwa. Ichi n'chifukwa kuti zinachitikadi pa zaka 19 pasanafike kunja.

Choncho, m'nkhani ino ife tiyenera kudziwa mavuto a kufufuza ndi imodzi mwa nkhanza zoopsa kwambiri, mbiri ya m'zaka Russia.