Chiphunzitso cha nzeru ngati sayansi wapadera

Lingaliro la nzeru unachokera mu akale komanso ongolankhula ndi zowombetsa mkota view wa dziko akatswiri wakale Greek. Mosiyana ndi maganizo a chipembedzo, khalidwe la nthawi ya kale Zapakati, sayansi imeneyi amakhala ndi nzeru zomveka, kudalira nzeru zopindulitsa ndiponso mokwanira yeniyeni kuwunika sayansi. Nthanthi zinthu, zomwe kalelo yokutidwa monga masamu, sayansi ndi nyenyezi, malingaliro a sayansi zimapangidwira, maganizo a munthu wina kapena mphunzitsi ndi otsatira ake podziŵa ozungulira.

Choncho, mfundo nzeru ndi kuphatikiza malingaliro osiyana yonena za dziko ndi munthu, komanso ubale pakati pa anthu ndi chikhalidwe. mfundo zimenezi kuti anthu athe kuyenda chenicheni ozungulira, kulimbikitsa zochita zawo, kutenga zochitika zenizeni ndipo motero anatsogolera cornerstones amatsogoza khalidwe la chitukuko makamaka.

Society: Lingaliro la anthu mu nzeru ndi mbali yofunika ya sayansi, chifukwa moyo wa munthu aliyense akhoza kukhala mobisika ndi anthu. Akatswiri akale pa nkhani imeneyi kuti "dera" monga mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano wa anthu akubwera palimodzi mu gulu chikumbumtima ndipo mwakufuna. Choncho, Aristotle anazitcha munthu "nyama ndale" amene anakakamizika kugwirizana ndi boma, kumene ubale zimamangidwa pa mfundo za ulamuliro ndi subordination. Koma Plato anali nzeru zapamwamba woyamba amene anaika mtima kwa kutanthauzira ulamuliro wankhanza wa dongosolo lililonse chikhalidwe, amene ali ndi udindo kochepa wa munthu.

Zikhulupiriro zina: Malingaliro zoyambirira za nzeru monga gulu la "view dziko", malire ndi mwayi wa nzeru za anthu, komanso nkhani zina. Ngakhale kalelo asayansi wakale anasamala mwapadera maphunziro azachilengedwe, sipangakhalenso ankaona ngati chiphunzitso osiyana kukhala. Mfundo imeneyi nzeru za mu masukulu osiyanasiyana anali tanthauzo lakelake, ena Zochita madalitso ake anali zochokera anathandizidwa ndi Mulungu, ndipo akatswiri ena patsogolo malingaliro chuma. Vuto la umunthu, njira kukhala ndi tanthauzo la kuli dziko kukambirana Agiriki akale, ndipo aliyense wa iwo anayesa kupeza umboni m'munsi kuti mfundo zawo ndi maganizo awo.

Aristotle anaphunzira vuto la maonekedwe a munthu, kufunafuna kuwonetseredwa chifukwa Mulungu ndi umboni wa mphamvu apamwamba alowererepo mu zenizeni alipo, ndi funso la chilengedwe cha dziko metaphysics. Ontological mbali anaphunzira mbalume nzeru ena a masiku ano, Koma funso tanthauzo la moyo kale m'nkhani kudzipatula ku ziphunzitso wakale, ndi oimira ambiri a sukulu mu XVIII-XIX amapatula kuthekera kwa alowererepo ya mizimu mu zinachitika pa Dziko Lapansi.

M'zaka za m'ma XIX mfundo nzeru chikupitiriza kuikapo maganizo pa Anthropology, monga gulu ili pa nthawi sichinafike sayansi osiyana. Mbali imeneyi aumbike mwa kuona makhalidwe enieni a munthu wokhalapo ndi zosowa zawo, zomwe muyenera kukwaniritsa. Kuti mupeze chimene inu mukufuna, munthu amakakamizidwa kukhala ndi luso lawo kuti kumulola kuti atiyankha kusamukira chandamale.

A wasayansi German R. Lotze, amene anakhalapo zaka za m'ma XIX, mwa zenizeni alipo monga gulu osiyana mwachibadwa anthu. Pa kutsogolo, iye amaponya chiŵerengero cha makhalidwe abwino ndiponso chipembedzo chenicheni, sayansi ndi chuma. Kuyambira akwaniritsa zimenezi zimadalira pa zikhulupiriro ndi makhalidwe a munthu aliyense anatenga, amene akufunafuna awo zolinga moyo ndipo otsamira kwa dziko zauzimu kapena zakuthupi.