Chilengedwe ndi chiyesedwe cha bomba loyamba atomiki mu USSR

Soviet Union wakhala 1918 imachitika kafukufuku pa sayansi ya nyukiliya wokonzeka chiyesedwe cha bomba loyamba atomiki mu USSR. Mu Leningrad, Institute Analandira mu 1937, unayambitsidwa ndi cyclotron choyamba mu Europe. "Mu chaka chimene anali mayeso oyamba a bomba la atomiki mu USSR?" - Inu kufunsa. Yankho mudzadziwa posachedwapa.

Mu 1938, November 25, zochita za Academy of Sciences unakhazikitsidwa Commission pa phata atomiki. Mu kapangidwe kake m'gulu Sergei Vavilov, Abram Alikhanov Abram Joffe, Igor Kurchatov ndi ena. Iwo anali olumikizidwa patapita zaka ziwiri Isai Gurevich ndi Vitaly Khlopin. kafukufuku nyukiliya ikuchitika ndi nthawi kuti kale oposa 10 mabungwe kafukufuku. Pamene USSR m'chaka chomwecho unapangidwa bungwe ndi ntchito katundu madzi, amene anadzatchedwa monga Commission pa Isotopes. Nditawerenga nkhani imeneyi, mudzaphunzila mmene kukonzekera ndi kusunga kuyezetsa winanso wa choyamba atomiki bomba mu USSR.

Kumangidwa kwa cyclotron mu Leningrad, atulukira ureniamu miyala latsopano

Mu 1939, mu September, anayamba ntchito yomanga cyclotron mu Leningrad. Mu 1940, April, anaganiza kuti akonze woyendetsa chomera, imene inali chaka 15 makilogalamu madzi katundu. Komabe, chifukwa cha mliri pa nthawi ya nkhondo, mapulani amenewa sadatsatire. Mu May chaka chomwecho, Yu Khariton, Ya Zel'dovich, N. Semenov anapereka chiphunzitso chake mu chitukuko cha ureniamu nyukiliya unyolo anachita. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ntchito inayambika anapeza latsopano ureniamu ores. Amenewa anali masitepe oyamba kupereka Patapita zaka zingapo, chilengedwe ndi chiyesedwe cha bomba la atomiki kuti Soviet Union.

Ulaliki wa sayansi ya m'tsogolo bomba la atomiki

asayansi ambiri ku 30 malemu kwa oyambirira 40 kale lingaliro akhakula mmene adzayang'ana. Cholinga chake chinali kuganizira msanga okwanira mu malo amodzi wina kuchuluka (a misa yovuta) zakuthupi fissile mchikakamizo cha neutrons. Iwo ayenera kuyamba pambuyo ponso chigumukire chiwerengero cha maatomu limawola n'kusanduka. Ndiko kuti, ndi unyolo anachita chifukwa chimene allocated mphamvu yaikulu mphamvu ndi kuphulika yaikulu amapezeka.

mavuto anakumana polenga bomba la atomiki

Vuto loyamba anali kutenga fissile nkhani mphamvu yokwanira. Mu chikhalidwe, yekha mtundu uwu wa mankhwala amene anali - ndi ureniamu isotope ndi chiwerengero misa 235 (ie, chiwerengero cha neutrons ndi mapulotoni mu phata la), kapena - ureniamu-235. Nkhani za isotope izi zachilengedwe ureniamu - osapitirira 0,71% (ureniamu-238 - 99,2%). Komanso, zili nkhani zachilengedwe miyala ndi ambiri 1%. Choncho, kovuta anali kusankha U-235.

Monga pasanapite nthawi zinadziwika njira kuti ureniamu ndi nyukiliyazo basi-239. Ndi pafupifupi zimachokeradi mu chikhalidwe (ndi nthawi zosakwana 100 kuposa ureniamu-235). Ndende zovomerezeka n'zotheka kupeza mu riyakitala nyukiliya pamene irradiated ureniamu-238 ndi neutrons. Pomanga riyakitala Mwaichi komanso mavuto ndithu ali.

Vuto chachitatu chinali kusonkhanitsa chofunika kuchuluka kwa chuma fissile mu malo amodzi sizinali zophweka. Mu ndondomeko ya rapprochement mayunitsi subcritical, ngakhale kudya nawo kuyamba ikudontha fission anachita. The mphamvu anamasulidwa mu nkhani iyi, mwina sanalole kuti thupi chachikulu cha ma atomu amene amasamalira fission. Alibe nthawi kuchita, iwo kumwaza.

Kutulukira Maslov ndi V. V. Shpinel

Maslov ndi V. Spinel wa Physics and Technology Institute ku Kharkov mu 1940, yofunsira Kutulukira zida lagona pa ntchito unyolo anachita kuti nkuyamba fission mowiriza wa ureniamu-235, misa supercritical, womwe wapangidwa zingapo boma ovuta anapambulwa zachiwawa impermeable chifukwa neutrons ndipo anawononga detonation a. kukayika Large amachititsa operability mlandu wofanana komabe satifiketi kuyambitsa pano akadali analandira. Komabe, izi zinachitika yekha mu 1946.

Mfuti American chiwembu

Mabomba woyamba Achimereka amanena ntchito Cannon chiwembu chimene ntchito kwenikweni mfuti mbiya. Atatero, gawo limodzi la fissile chuma (subcritical) akuwombera pa ena. Koma posakhalitsa anapeza kuti chiwembu si oyenera nyukiliyazo basi ndi chifukwa chakuti mlingo wa mgwirizano ndi zoperewera.

Kumangidwa kwa cyclotron mu Moscow

Mu 1941, April 15, SNK anaganiza kuyamba ntchito yomanga cyclotron wamphamvu Moscow. Komabe, pambuyo Wamkulu zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, ife anaimitsidwa pafupifupi ntchito m'munda wa sayansi ya nyukiliya cholinga kubweretsa 1 atomiki bomba mayeso mu USSR. Kutsogolo akukumana sayansi ambiri nyukiliya. Ena kunam'sintha kwa ofunika kwambiri, monga izo zinkawoneka, malo.

Collection a nkhani pa nkhani nyukiliya

Kusonkhanitsa zambiri pa nkhani ya nyukiliya kuyambira 1939 chinkhoswe mu Dipatimenti 1st wa NKVD ndi Red Army GRU. Mu 1940, October, ndi J. Cairncross analandira uthenga woyamba, amene analankhula za mapulani kukhazikitsa kwa bomba. m'magazini ino analembera mu Komiti British kwa Science, limene ntchito Cairncross. Mu 1941, m'chilimwe ntchitoyi anali ovomerezeka ndi bomba, imene inkatchedwa "chubu elloyz". England pamene nkhondoyo inali mmodzi wa atsogoleri dziko kutukuka nyukiliya. Zimenezi chifukwa cha mlili wa thandizo asayansi German amene anathawira ku dziko lino mkubwela kwa Hitler mphamvu.

Fuchs, membala wa KPD, anali mmodzi wa iwo. Iye anapita mu chaka cha 1941 pa Soviet ofesi ya kazembe, amene ananena kuti ali ndi mfundo zofunika za chida champhamvu analengedwa mu England. S. Cramer ndi R. Kuchinsky (wailesi woyendetsa Sonia) anali allocated kulankhula naye. The mauthenga pa wailesi anatumidwa koyamba kwa Moscow mfundo pa njira yapadera ya ureniamu isotope kupatukana, gasi mayamwidwe, komanso ikumangidwa kwa zomera cholinga Wales. Pambuyo magiya asanu anataya kugwirizana wake ndi Fuchs.

Mayeso a bomba la atomiki mu USSR, tsiku limene tsopano wotchuka, anakonza anzangawo. Choncho, kazitape Soviet mu United States Semenov (awiriwo) inanena kumapeto 1943 kuti Enrico Fermi mu Chicago anakhoza kugwira woyamba unyolo anachita. Amawatenga uyu anali wasayansi Pontecorvo. Malinga ndi mzere okhonda Intelligence nthawi yomweyo kudali ku England anatseka ntchito asayansi wa West zokhudza mphamvu ya nyukiliya chibwenzi ku zaka 1940-1942. mfundo iwo, anatsimikizira kuti patsogolo kwambiri chaonekera polenga bomba la atomiki.

Konenkov mkazi (onani chithunzi m'munsimu), ndi ziboliboli wotchuka, ntchito ndi ena kufufuza. Anasamukira pafupi ndi Einstein ndi Oppenheimer, asayansi kwambiri, ndipo anapereka nthawi yaitali zimakhudza iwo. L. Zarubin, wokhala wina wa USA, anali mbali ya bwalo la anthu Oppenheimer, ndi L. Szilard. Mothandizidwa ndi akazi awa, USSR anatha kugwiritsa wothandizila mu Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, komanso labu Chicago - madera waukulu kafukufuku nyukiliya ku America. Kuti mudziwe bomba la atomiki mu United States anapambana nzeru Soviet mu 1944 Rosenbergs, D. Greenglass, Pontecorvo, C. cha T. Hall, Fuchs.

Mu 1944, pa chiyambi cha February, Beria, Commissar Anthu a NKVD, chaired msonkhano wa akuluakulu nzeru. Anaganiza ntchito yosonkhanitsa zokhudza mavuto nyukiliya, omwe mwa Red Army GRU ndi NKVD. "C" Division analengedwa ichi. Mu 1945, 27 September, iwo unapangidwa bungwe. P. Sudoplatov Commissioner GB, lotsogoledwa dipatimenti imeneyi.

Fuchs m'manja mwa January 1945 ponena za atomiki bomba kamangidwe. Intelligence yapakati zina zotere anali okonzeka monga zipangizo kulekana kwa ureniamu isotopes kudzera atomu, deta pa mathanki choyamba, malangizo kwa kupanga nyukiliyazo basi ndi ureniamu mabomba, deta pa kukula kwa misa kuweruza nyukiliyazo basi ndi ureniamu mu magalasi kapangidwe zachiwawa wa nyukiliyazo basi-240, zinayendera ndi nthawi ya ntchito msonkhano ndi kupanga mabomba. Information komanso nkhawa njira yobweretsa bomba E tingati yomanga zomera wapadera kwa kulekana kwa isotopes. ndipo tsikulo zolemba Tinalandira, zomwe ndi mfundo zokhudza woyamba mayeso kuphulika kwa bomba ku United States mu July 1945.

mudziwe ukubwera pa njira izi imathandizira ndi atsogolere ntchito choikidwacho pamaso asayansi Soviet. Akatswiri Western amakhulupirira kuti mu USSR bomba zitha anayamba mu zaka 1954-1955. Koma iwo anali kulakwitsa. Mayeso oyamba a anaphulitsa bomba la atomu mu Soviet Union chinachitika mu 1949, mu August.

masiteji watsopano wa chilengedwe cha bomba la atomiki

Mu 1942, April, M. Pervukhin, Commissar Anthu kwa makampani mankhwala, anali briefed pa malamulo Stalin ndi zipangizo zokhudza ntchito pa bomba la atomiki, ikuchitika m'mayiko. Kuwunika azifotokoza lipoti Pervukhin mudziwe anapereka kulenga gulu la akatswiri. Pamafunikanso, pa umboni wa Joffe, asayansi wamng'ono Kikoin, Kurchatov ndi Alikhanov.

Mu 1942, pa November 27, inalamula "Pa ureniamu migodi" T-ngongole. Madziwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa bungwe lapadera, komanso chiyambi cha ntchito pa processing ndi m'zigawo za zipangizo, Geological zinthu zimene. Zonsezi akuyenera kugwiritsa dongosolo posachedwapa anali mayeso a choyamba atomiki bomba mu USSR. chaka 1943rd zinali zodzaza ndi chakuti NKTSM anapita m'zigawo ndi processing wa ureniamu miyala mu Tajikistan pa Tabarshskom wanga. Chitsanzo anali 4 tpa ureniamu salt a.

Anakweza pamaso asayansi panthawi imeneyo achoka kutsogolo. Mofanana 1943, 11 February, iwo unapangidwa bungwe ndi Laboratory nambala 2 Academy of Sciences. mkulu wake anaikidwa Kurchatov. Izo ziyenera oyang'anira ntchito pa chilengedwe cha bomba la atomu.

Soviet nzeru mu 1944 anali kupeza Directory, zomwe ndi mfundo zamtengo wapatali za kukhalapo kwa makina amene ureniamu-graphite ndi kudziwa magawo a riyakitala lapansi. Komabe, ufulu kukopera ngakhale yaing'ono experimental nyukiliya riyakitala ureniamu analibe kulibe m'dziko lathu. Mu 1944, 28 September, boma Soviet anamveketsa kuvomerezedwa kwa NKTSM kutenga ureniamu ndi ureniamu salt mu thumba la boma. Zasayansi № 2 yosungirako ntchito yawo anapatsidwa.

Ntchito ikuchitika Bulgaria

A gulu lalikulu la akatswiri moderated ndi V. Kravchenko, mutu wa 4 Dipatimenti Special wa NKVD, mu 1944, mu November, anapita kukaphunzira zotsatira kufufuza mu anamasulidwa Bulgaria. Mu chaka chomwecho, pa December 8 GKO anaganiza ponena za processing ndi m'zigawo za ureniamu miyala ku SCMC 9 Office wa State GMP NKVD. Mu 1945, mu March, mutu wa migodi ndi zitsulo dipatimenti Dipatimenti 9 anaikidwa S. Egorov. Kenaka, mu January, unakonzedwa ndi NII-9 phunziro la madipoziti ureniamu, pothetsa mavuto a nyukiliyazo basi ndi ureniamu zitsulo, processing a zipangizo. Bulgaria ndi nthawi ponena za sabata ndi theka matani ureniamu miyala.

Yomanga mayamwidwe chomera

Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1945, mu March, pambuyo polandirira msonkho njira US NKGB chithunzithunzi mudziwe bomba kumadalira pa mfundo za implosion (ie psinjika nkhani fissile ndi kuphulika kwa mabomba ochiritsira), ntchito pa chiwembu unayambitsidwa, adali ndi mwayi kwambiri pa mfuti. Mu April 1945, B. Mahaney analemba cholemba Beria. Iwo anati mu 1947 akuyembekezeka kuyamba kwa kubala ureniamu-235 mayamwidwe mbewu, yomwe ili pa nambala 2. Zochita Laboratory wa mbewu anali kukhala pafupifupi 25 makilogalamu ureniamu pa chaka. Kuti ayenera kukhala lokwanira awiri bomba. Pakuti US kwenikweni anatenga makilogalamu 65 ureniamu-235.

Kuphatikizidwa kafukufuku German asayansi

May 5, 1945 pankhondo kwa Berlin anapeza malo a Institute of kampani Physics wa Kaiser Wilhelm. A ntchito yapadera, lotsogoledwa ndi A. Zavenyagin anatumizidwa ku Germany pa May 9. ntchito yake anali kupeza asayansi amene ankagwira ntchito kumeneko pa bomba la atomiki, kusonkhanitsa zipangizo za vutolo ureniamu. Pamodzi ndi mabanja awo USSR anatengedwa kuchokera gulu chidwi asayansi German. Ena mwa iwo Nobel laureates N. Riehl ndi H. hedzi, katswiri wa Gaibu, M. Von Ardenne, P. Thiessen, G. ke, M. Vollmer, R. Deppel ndi ena.

Chirengedwe cha bomba la atomiki anachedwa

kunali koyenera kumanga riyakitala nyukiliya yopangira nyukiliyazo basi-239. Ngakhale kuti woyendetsa adatenga za 36 matani zitsulo ureniamu, graphite ndi 500 T 9 T wa ureniamu woipa. Mwa August 1943 akayanjana graphite. zotsatira unakhazikitsidwa May 1944 pa Moscow elekitirodi Bzalani. Komabe kuchuluka kwa ureniamu mu dziko anali mapeto a 1945.

Stalin ankafuna posachedwapa anali kuyesa poyamba atomiki bomba mu USSR. Chaka imene yakhala ikuchitidwa, izo poyamba anali TH 1948 (mpaka masika). Komabe, ndi nthawi iyi panalibe ngakhale zipangizo kupanga ake. Tsiku lomalizira atsopano anaikidwa February 8, 1945 ndi lamulo la boma. Bomba la atomiki anagwidwa March 1, 1949.

Chomaliza, kukonzekera mayeso a choyamba bomba la atomiki mu USSR

Chochitika, amene anali kufuna kwa nthawi yaitali, patapita kachiwiri uchitike. Mayeso oyamba a bomba la atomiki kuti Soviet Union zinachitika mu chaka 1949, anakonza, koma osati mu March ndi August.

Mu 1948, pa June 19, woyamba mafakitale riyakitala ( "A") unayambitsidwa. "B" mbewu inamangidwa kwa kudzipatula nyukiliya mafuta nyukiliyazo basi umatulutsa. Ureniamu midadada irradiated, kusungunuka ndipo analekanitsidwa ndi mankhwala zikutanthauza ureniamu ku nyukiliyazo basi. yankho ndiye zina mwayeretsa kwa mankhwala fission kuti kuchepetsa ntchito zake cheza. Pa "B" mu April 1949, tinayamba kutulutsa mbali ya nyukiliyazo basi bomba kalasi, ntchito NII-9 luso. The kafukufuku woyamba riyakitala ntchito madzi olemera, unayambitsidwa pa nthawi yomweyo. Ndi ngozi zambiri anapita chitukuko kupanga. Pamene pothetsa mavuto awo anati milandu ndodo pakhungu. Komabe, pa nthawi yomwe ife sanali kulabadira kwa opanda pake choterocho. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri kuti achite mayeso oyamba a bomba la atomiki mu USSR (tsiku ake - 1949, August 29).

Mu July mlandu anali wokonzeka zida zigawo zikuluzikulu. Kwa mbewu yokwaniritsira miyezo thupi, anasiya gulu la sayansi, zimene zinachititsa Fleury. Chiphunzitso gulu anatsogolera Zeldovich, anatumidwa kwa processing zotsatira muyeso, komanso kuwerengetsa Mwina chosakwanira chotupa ndi dzuwa mfundo.

Choncho, mayeso oyamba a bomba la atomiki mu USSR anapangidwa m'chaka cha 1949. 5 Commission anatengera mu August mlandu nyukiliyazo basi ndipo anatumizidwa ku KB 11 sitima yapadera. Panali pa nthawi imeneyi pafupifupi adamaliza ntchito zofunikira. Control khamu la kuyang'anira unachitikira pa KB 11 usiku wa pa 10 pa 11 August. chipangizo Kenako anawachotsa ndipo ziwalo ali odzaza kuti atumizidwe kwa anthu akhala akutayirapo dothi. Monga tanenera kale, mayeso oyamba a bomba la atomiki ku Soviet Union zinachitika pa 29 August. Soviet bomba Choncho anakhazikitsa zaka 2 ndi miyezi 8.

Mayeso a choyamba bomba la atomiki

Mu USSR mu 1949, August 29, pakhala ndi nyukiliya warhead mayesero pa Semipalatinsk mayeso malo. Pa nsanja zinali zida. Mphamvu ya kuphulika anali 22 kilotons. Kamangidwe ntchito mtengo anabwereza "Mafuta Man" ku US, ndi kudzazidwa pakompyuta anayamba kupanga asayansi Soviet. Kapangidwe multilayer ndi mlandu atomiki. Izo ndi compressing ozungulira convergent detonation yoweyula zinachitikadi nyukiliyazo basi kusamukira kudwala mwakayakaya.

Zina woyamba atomiki bomba

5 kg wa nyukiliyazo basi anaikidwa pakati pa mlandu. thunthu anapezeka mu mawonekedwe a hemispheres awiri, wazunguliridwa ndi m'chimake a ureniamu-238. Iye anali cholepheretsa pakati, bloating pa unyolo anachita kuti nthawi kuchita mochuluka za nyukiliyazo basi lapansi. Komanso, dzinali lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito monga imaonetsa ndi, komanso nyutironi mtsogoleri. Tamper atazunguliridwa ndi chipolopolo zopangidwa aluminiyamu. Iye anatumikira kwa psinjika yunifolomu ya yoweyula mantha a mtengo nyukiliya.

Unsembe wagawo muli fissile chuma, chitetezo chitachitidwa asanalankhule ntchito mlandu. Chifukwa iyi pali kudzera kabowo conical stoppered wa zachiwawa. Ndipo mu housings mkati ndi kunja ndi mabowo omwe atsekedwa ndi chimakwirira. Akuwaza mtima za makilogalamu 1 nyukiliyazo basi chifukwa mphamvu zachiwawa. Otsala 4 makilogalamu analibe nthawi kuchita ndi kutsitsi chilibe ntchito, pamene mayeso oyamba a atomiki bomba zinachitikadi mu Soviet Union, tsiku limene tsopano kudziwika. Ambiri malingaliro atsopano kwa kuwongolera milandu adanyamuka pa kukhazikitsa pulogalamu. Iwo nkhawa, makamaka kusintha magwiritsidwe chinthu cha chuma, komanso kuchepetsa kulemera ndi kukula kwake. Poyerekeza ndi zitsanzo woyamba watsopano kukhala ang'onoang'ono, wamphamvu koposa kaso.

Choncho, mayeso oyamba a bomba la atomiki ku Soviet Union chinachitika mu 1949, pa August 29. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha zochitika zina m'dera lino, amene anakhalabe lero. Mayeso a bomba la atomiki mu USSR (1949) anali chochitika chofunika m'mbiri ya dziko lathu, kuti pakhale udindo wake monga mphamvu nyukiliya.

Mu 1953, pa yemweyo Semipalatinsk mayeso malo choyamba mu mbiri ya mayeso Russian ya bomba wa hydrogen. Mphamvu kale anakwana 400 kt. Yerekezerani mayesero oyamba mu USSR atomiki bomba ndi wa hydrogen bomba: mphamvu ya kilotons 22 400 kilotons. Komabe, ichi chinali chiyambi chabe.

September 14, 1954 pa Totsky osiyanasiyana anapanga Zochita woyamba asilikali, imene bomba la atomiki ankagwiritsa ntchito. Iwo ali kutchedwa "ntchito" snowball "." Atomiki bomba mayeso 1954 ku Soviet Union, malinga declassified mu 1993 zinachitikadi kuphatikizapo ndi cholinga kupeza momwe cheza amakhudza anthu. Ophunzira mu kuyesera anapereka muzimvetsera kuti iwo sanena zambiri za walitsa zaka 25.