Chaka 1682: chiyembekezo chakuti a localism. Zoyambitsa, Zotsatira

Zemsky Sobor pa wamakono wa asilikali a ufumu Moscow akambirane pansi Tsar Fedor Alekseevich m'chaka cha 1682. Kulipira regionalism anadza mu chaka chomwecho, amene anali kuchita zinthu mu njira ya democratization ndi kusintha kwa asilikali osati Russian, komanso lonse utsogoleri dongosolo lonse. Izi muyeso anali wotsogolera wotchuka kusintha Petro, akamanena za umene unali Kupha mfundo otchuka mu mtima wa ndodo ndi kusonyeza zikayenda munthu.

olamulira

Kusintha zofunika kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 17 anali chiyembekezo chakuti a localism. Pa mfumu zimene kusintha zinachitika - imodzi mwa nkhani zosangalatsa kwambiri mbiri yakale zoweta. Lamuloli lolingana Analeredwa pa Theodore A., amene ulamuliro zinali zodzaza ndi mndandanda wa kusintha umalimbana kulimbitsa mphamvu autocratic. Ngati anali kufuna kusintha dongosolo la ulamuliro wa utsogoleri ndi zampingo, koma muyeso ichi sichinasinthidwe anazindikira chifukwa imfa yake oyambirira.

Zochita za chiphunzitso cha

Tanthauzo makamaka mbiri Russian kuti ali chaka 1682. Kulipira localism mwina mwambo zofunika kwambiri, chifukwa zinachititsa kusintha kwakukulu pa mbali yaikulu ya anthu. Koma, ife tisanati kulankhula za chofunikira ndi kufunika kwa kusintha iyi, m'pofunika kudziwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa nthawi funso.

Mapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 17 anali nyengo ya kusintha pa moyo wa dziko lathu, chifukwa anali ndiye kuti boma ndi bwino kudziwa za kusintha ndi kusintha kwambiri. Komabe, dongosolo lakale akali amphamvu kwambiri, kuphatikizapo dongosolo la localism. Chotero anaitana mu mfundo akale udindo M'MALO si monga mwa mkulu munthu, ndi mlingo wa gentility ndi kusiyana kwa munthu. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti mikangano wosatha pakati boyars, amene ankati ndi okwera, pokumbukira chiyambi chake wakale ndi womveka.

The zikuchokera amazikonda anthu otchuka

Zinthu ngati complicates ntchito ya boma zida ndi magulu ankhondo. Akamanena za regionalism si yophika pansi ndi luso munthu ndi mtima wa mmene otchuka ake ndi gentility.

Tiyenera kunena mawu ochepa za zikuchokera wa Moscow otchuka: amaphatikiza oimira apamwamba lakale la likulu, anali akalonga Chilituyaniya ndi Chitata ndi olemekezeka Ufumuyo Moscow fiefdoms. Onse a iwo, monga ulamuliro, m'gulu mfumu Duma, kuchita boma ndi asilikali utsogoleli. Komabe, kutsutsana andiuze amene iwo aimirire, kusokoneza ntchito ya akuchulukirachulukira akhala boma zida zonse bwino AKULAMULIRA kupeza njira ina kusintha.

Nthawi zambiri pa nkhondo ya boyars ndi akazembe wotanganidwa osati khalidwe la maudani, monga lodziwa ndani wa iwo akuyenera kukhala apamwamba ndi amene atumiki kuti, ndithudi, nthawi zina zimabweretsa mavuto aakulu.

Mphamvu ya dongosolo

Zemsky Sobor pa chiyembekezo chakuti a parochialism, tingati, anasintha mwachizolowezi dongosolo lonse oyang'anira mu dziko lathu. Ndipotu mfundo imeneyi, kwa zaka zingapo zinali zochokera dongosolo ulamuliro. Choncho, mwachibadwa, funso n'lakuti za zifukwa mtendere wa dongosolo. Komanso, mungaganizire zifukwa zingapo. Choyamba, Moscow akalonga ndi mafumu anathandiza kuti mwachangu nawo mtsutso wa boyars ndi kudzizindikiritsa iwo pa utumiki wa chiyambi ndi digiri zimakhalira. Chachiwiri, kukula azilandira wa Moscow osankhika likuvutika anthu otchuka a maukulu ena amafuna ena kuti kapepala nsanamira ndi regionalism akuphatikizapo khola bwino chiliri. Chachitatu, dongosolo ili linaperekedwa mu mabuku kumaliseche malamulo ndi rodoslovtsah kuti mibadwo anatumikira monga maziko mikangano ndi zonena.

Ziwerengero mu historiography ndi

The chigamulo pa chiyembekezo chakuti a localism anali zotsatira zachilengedwe kufunika kuthetsa manyazi ndi kusokonezeka zochokera dongosolo, boma zida. Komabe, wolemba mbiri amakono D. Volodikhin anati zina zabwino dongosolo, kusonyeza kuti anapereka ena mogwirizana ndi mphamvu ya dongosolo lonse. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, mfundo imeneyi anakhalabe pakadali pano umodzi wa m'kalasi, ngakhale mikangano ndi mikangano pa udindo azigwira. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri converge pa chakuti ulamuliro wa bwinobwino zoipa kwambiri pa dongosolo kulamulira.

kusintha ANAKULIRA

Zochokera kumwamba, ndi zifukwa zotsatirazi kwa chiyembekezo chakuti a localism: kufunika kulenga aluso ndi mafoni dongosolo utsogoleri, chilakolako boma tsarist ndi kukopa kwa utumiki kwenikweni luso ndi angathe kutumikira anthu. kukonzanso uku kuzioneka ngati kupitiriza kwa mfundo yapita wa Moscow olamulira, makamaka Mikhail Fedorovich, kulenga otchedwa kuti watsopano regiments. Kotero, pachiyambi cha m'ma 17 m'pofunika kuthetsa akale dongosolo malembedwe aantchito.

tchalitchi

Msonkhano latsopano la atsogoleri achipembedzo anasonkhana m'chaka cha 1682. Kulipira regionalism ndi limodzi mwa zotsatira zazikulu za chiweruzo chake utsogoleri. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti Cathedral anali wodzipereka kwa mphindi kwambiri achipembedzo ndi kupitiriza kusintha mpingo. Pa msonkhano umenewu, nkhani yaikulu anagonjera kuti amuone nkhawa yomanga dioceses latsopano, mchitidwe umenewu, yamawangamawanga mabuku malamulo. Komabe, kufunika kwa chiyembekezo chakuti zitsanzo chakale cha m'malo akuluakulu a asilikali ndi boma okhwima kwambiri moti anaganiza zoti aphe ndi pang'ono bukhu. Tikhoza kunena kuti zaka dongosolo utumiki anatengedwa ndi chigamulo Kulipira anali patsogolo mu ulamuliro wa asilikali ndi anthu.

mtengo

Imodzi mwa kusintha chofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya Russia unachitikira mu chaka 1682. Kulipira regionalism anatsindika kukwezedwa chifukwa mkulu munthu. Choncho, Peter sindingathe ankaona kholo la kusintha: mfumu yoyamba ya analimbitsa mwalamulo formalized zimene analipo kale.