Bowa: makhalidwe ambiri ndi kufunika

Ndithu mudziwe zambiri zokhudza zamoyo chidwi kuti tiwapatse Maphunziro nkhani yakuti "Biology" (kalasi 6). General maonekedwe a bowa Komabe, - mutu kwa mabuku wonse ndi zokhudza sayansi. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa - kuphunzira nawo chidwi kwambiri.

Bowa, ikulongosola ambiri amene m'nkhani ino, chilengedwe ndi trophic akalozera - heterotrophic eukaryotes okha osmotrofnym mtundu wa chakudya. Tanthauzo ili bwino chimasiyanitsa iwo ku zamoyo zina ku malo wotanganidwa ndi biota lapansi. General maonekedwe a bowa zikusonyeza kuti osmotrofnym njira mphamvu chifukwa morphological, thupi ndi amuzolengedwa makhalidwe.

Vegetative thupi la bowa

Thupi vegetative wa bowa kwambiri ndi filaments kwambiri nthambi (hyphae) ndi kukula malire, omwe onse pamodzi amatchedwa mycelium kapena mycelium. Childs, mycelium kwathunthu kumizidwa mu gawo lapansi (nthaka, chomera minofu, ndowe za nyama, zatsalira mbewu, ndi zina zotero.), Ndipo ziwalo za matabwa ake mpata Tingafinye pazipita kwa izo zonse zakudya m'thupi ntchito ekzoosmosa.

zinthu Organic mu magawo izi makamaka mu mawonekedwe a ma polima mkulu maselo kulemera (mapuloteni, polysaccharides, zidulo mkati) amene kudutsa chimakwirira selo. Choncho bowa, makhalidwe onse amene timasamala ndi gawo lapansi ndi zimatulutsa depolymerase michere kumamatira oligo- ndi ma polima wa monomers kuti akhoza kusamutsidwa ku maselo. Ngati m'mimba nyama michere ndi tochoka mu intestine, ndiye bowa iwo kuoneka, ndipo kenako hyphae mafangasi tingauyerekeze ndi m'matumbo everted.

kubalana wa bowa

Full kumiza mu gawo lapansi mycelium zimasokoneza kufalitsa awo danga. Choncho, ziwalo zawo zoberekera zimayikidwa patsogolo padziko gawo lapansi, kapena anaukitsa pamwamba kufalitsa mu mlengalenga, kapena (ngati gawo lapansi ndi madzi) sing'anga amadzimadzi. bowa ambiri (macromycetes) spore zobala matupi lalikulu, kuoneka bwino lomwe kwa apoyera (kukwera pamwamba bowa nthaka shlyapochnye kuti kukula kapena tinder mtengo). bowa Other (mikromitcety) matupi ka sporulation, kapangidwe awo Tingaone kokha maso, koma iwo amapanga misa chitukuko cha mtundu mwa mawonekedwe a anawazunza bowa pa magawo osiyanasiyana.

Awiri a ufumu wa bowa

zojambulidwa Phylogenetic kusonyeza kuti ecomorphs "bowa" si homogeneous monophyletic gulu, ndi lagawidwa awiri phyla (ufumu). The bwino mbali amatchedwa "bowa woona" (eumitsety) monophyly ndi kwenikweni ufumu bowa (M'kupita). Mbali ang'onoang'ono, amatchedwa "gribopodobnymi zamoyo" (psevdomitsety) akubwera pamodzi ndi ena Seaweed mu ufumu Stramenopila, amene yagawidwa magulu awiri - Oomycota (oomycetes) ndi Labyrinthulomycota (ukonde amatope amatha kuumba). Pamaziko a mugawo ili chimamangirira makhalidwe ambiri a bowa. Amanita, monga mmene uonela - izi ndi mbali chabe ya zonse zosiyanasiyana awo.

metabolites pulayimale ndi sekondale

metabolites onse conventionally ogaŵikana pulayimale ndi sekondale. metabolites aakulu koyenera kuti kukula kwa thupi, ndipo irreplaceable. Izi mkati zidulo, mapuloteni, chakudya, coenzymes, lipids, etc. Mwa izi anamanga organelles ma -. Phata, mitochondria, ribosomes, khoma selo ndi Kakhungu nyumba yomwe ndi bowa. General makhalidwe a metabolite choyambirira n'chakuti maselo awo mafuta ntchito ngati gwero la chakudya ndi mphamvu. metabolites Secondary ofunika anatengera kwa zikhalidwe za moyo. Iwo angayambe mitundu ina ndi kwina ena. Mosiyana ndi zapulaimale metabolites sekondale - zambiri otsika kulemera mankhwala maselo.

mapulotini

mapulotini kandalama ndi mbali ya khoma selo, cytoskeletal zinthu nyumba Kakhungu, DNA zimamangidwa - microtubules ndi microfilaments. mapulotini puloteni kupereka njira zonse okhudza maselo ambiri ndipo mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe.

chakudya

Kandalama polymeric chakudya - maziko a linga selo, yomwe ndi bowa. General maonekedwe a chakudya mu mawu a mipweya limachititsa ndikuzigawa m'magulu atatu: shuga ndi monosaccharides zina ndi chakudya covalently zogwirizana mapeputisayidi (glycoproteins).

Shuga ma polima - ndi glucans, chitin ndi mapadi. Glucans ndi liniya kapena nthambi maunyolo mamolekyulu shuga. Oterewa wosanjikiza kunja kwa mpanda foni ya bowa kwambiri. Mu mamolekyulu wa zatsalira chitin shuga likugwirizana ndi magulu kwa amino (aminated) limene Nayenso amagwira zatsalira asidi acetic (acetylated). Mamolekyulu "stitched" pamodzi nthambi mamolekyulu polysaccharides zina zimapanga mafupa olimba a khoma selo. Mapadi opezeka mu zonse Oomycetes anafufuza umene ndi pafupifupi 10% ya misa selo khoma. Ankakhulupirira kuti si bowa zoona, koma tsopano amasonyeza kupezeka kwake mpanda wa ena Ascomycetes (mtundu Ophiostoma).

Ma polima monosaccharides ena (mannose, galactose, ndi ena.), Amatchedwa zomera apamwamba hemicellulose, pali magulu onse a bowa. Makamaka zambiri ma polima wa mannose - mannans - mu maselo makoma a yisiti. Zikuoneka ngati dongosolo amapereka budding makoma kuposa glucan.

Pomaliza, khalidwe ambiri a bowa akhoza wodzilemekeza chifukwa chakuti m'chipinda makoma awo, komanso zomera lili polysaccharides zambiri zogwirizana zedi -. Peptidoglycan mannanoproteiny etc. Iwo kupanga pakati wosanjikiza khoma multilayer selo ndi mbali yofunika kukhalabe selo structural kukhulupirika, ndi kuwombola ake ndi njira chilengedwe.

chakudya yomasuka

pepala Zimenezi mwachilungamo mwatsatanetsatane makhalidwe ambiri a bowa. 6 kalasi sukulu - nthawi pamene tinayamba ankadziwa ndi zamoyo izi mu kalasi zamoyo. Ife amati kudziwa awo ndi kufufuza zambiri za iwo. Ife tsopano akufotokoza m'malo a zimam'patsa.

Mu bowa sanapezeke waukulu malo polysaccharide chibadidwe zomera apamwamba algae ambiri - wowuma. Shuga amasungidwa eumitsetov glucan kukhala pafupi ndi wowuma nyama glycogen. Kuwonjezera glucans ku bowa zina chakudya chochuluka, ndipo ena zimapezeka ufumu wa bowa. Izi makamaka disaccharide trehalose. Kwa nthawi yaitali trehalose imapezeka mu bowa, chifukwa iye analandira dzina chachiwiri - mycosis. Tsopano izo zimapezeka zomera ena apamwamba monga pawiri zazing'ono. Trehalose amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu anatengera maselo mafangasi kutsindika ndi lamulo njira osmotic. Maselo a mafangasi ndi analinso ndi shuga alcohols - mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol ndi ena.

lipids

Lipids (glycerol esters zidulo monocarboxylic kukhala ndi unbranched aliphatic unyolo) ndi mankhwala zofunika yopuma, iwo waikamo mu khungu mu mawonekedwe a m'malovu mafuta. Pakuti bowa yodziwika ndi okhutira mkulu wa polyunsaturated (ndi nsinga ochepa awiri mu unyolo aliphatic) mafuta zidulo monga linolenic - atatu, ndi arachidonic - anayi iwiri kumangigwa. Mawonekedwe phospholipid (zogwirizana Ester chomangira acid ndi phosphoric), lipids ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu za nembanemba selo. A udindo waukulu mu chilengedwe cha nyumba lipids Kakhungu ndi sterols kusewera, kupereka Kakhungu mphamvu. Mosiyana ndi nyama mafuta ndi 27 mpweya maatomu mu molekyulu (C-27) ndipo phytosterols (C-29) zomera, Woyambirira mafangasi sterol - ergosterol (C-28).

metabolites Secondary: inki

Bowa ali mosatsata inki photosynthesis, koma kutulutsa ambiri mankhwala, mitundu mycelium ziwalo propagative kapena gawo lapansi. Malinga ndi chikhalidwe mankhwala inki kwambiri chikukhudza terpenoid (carotenoids) kapena mankhwala onunkhira. Iwo amachita zosiyanasiyana ntchito. Choncho, lalanje carotene opangidwa kuchokera kupangira otaya ndondomeko kugonana Mucorales; mdima wobiriwira ndi wakuda inki phenolic Aspergillus waikamo yekha Sporiferous zida zomwe, mosiyana ndi gawo lapansi mycelium, aumbike mwa mpweya, ndi mikangano atiteteze kwa kuwala ultraviolet; mdima yofiira melanin uyikidwa ku maselo makoma a wowonjezera mphamvu zawo.

Poizoni ndi mankhwala

bowa ambiri kutulutsa poizoni zamoyo zina zomwe nthawi zambiri mbalame pamene analemba makhalidwe ambiri a bowa (6 kalasi buku kapena zolemba sekondale). Zinthu amenewa angaononge tizilombo, wotchedwa mankhwala amenewa angaononge zomera - phytotoxins angaononge zinyama ndi anthu - mycotoxins. Ena metabolites wa bowa, kukhala poizoni kuti magulu osiyanasiyana a zamoyo (zomera ndi tizilombo, zomera ndi nyama), ndi kanthu zovuta. Maantibayotiki apanga ndi bowa ambiri okhala nthaka, amene ayenera kupikisana kwa zakudya magawo ndi tizilombo tina. mankhwala awo chikhalidwe ndi akafuna kanthu ndi osiyanasiyana. Choncho maantibayotiki-penicillin ndi cephalosporins ziletsa selo khoma kaphatikizidwe akanika, trichothecenes - mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe mu zamoyo eukaryotic, griseofulvin - mitosis.

Phytotoxins ndi mitotoksiny

Phytotoxins allocated bowa ku kachilombo chomera minofu, imfa ya zomera maselo zomwe sizivuta kuti tiziromboti lapansi. Poizoni ziletsa njira enzymatic maselo zomera matenda (mwachitsanzo, bowa Alternaria tentoksin kumabwezera mmbuyo photosynthesis phosphorylation) likhale lolimba Kakhungu tingati ndi chikoka pa mayendedwe a zinthu kudzera Kakhungu, ndi transmembrane ion kutengerapo (asidi fusaric, fusicoccin neri Al.).

Mycotoxins anawagawa m'magulu awiri - ndi poizoni wa tosaoneka bowa (mikromitcetov) ndi mafangasi poizoni macromycetes ndi lalikulu matupi fruiting. Woyamba ndi oopsa kwambiri, makamaka bowa kuti kupatsira chomera mankhwala kuti ntchito chakudya. Mwachitsanzo, mu sclerotia ergot alkaloids kudziunjikira (heterocycles munali asafe), zomwe neuro-manjenje poizoni. Iwo siziboola pansi pa kuphika, chotero mkate wophikidwa ndi ufa wa ndi mukapeza wa sclerotia wosweka, ndi woopsa kwambiri. ntchito zake zingachititse poizoni kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zotsatira amapha. dzinthu ena tiziromboti - tizilomboto Fusarium mutu choipitsa. Ndi bowa wa Fusarium, amene allocates tirigu terpenoid poizoni kuyambitsa poyizoni aakulu (mkate wophikidwa ndi ufa wa zakhudzana ndi Fusarium, ambiri amatchedwa "ataledzera mkate", monga izo zimayambitsa chizungulire, kusanza ndi zizindikiro zina chokhala poyizoni aakulu mowa).

zakudya bowa

Panopa zambiri za chakudya chawo wabweza sayansi ndi zamoyo. General maonekedwe a nkhungu, ku mfundo imeneyi ili. Mphamvu bowa kwambiri ndi chifukwa chomera, kotero iwo ndi michere yogwira kuti aswe structural ndi yopuma polysaccharides zomera moyo ndi chomera zinyalala. pectinases amenewa kuwononga asidi polygalacturonic (pectin) pa otsika maselo kulemera oligogalakturonidy, xylanase, cellobiase ndi mapadi aziwaona mapadi ndi hemicellulose - waukulu zimam'patsa zikuluzikulu za makoma chomera selo, amylase linawola wowuma, etc. Chachiwiri, pambuyo mapadi ndi kulemera zigawo zikuluzikulu za zomera maselo -. Lignin, chinkaimira atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena polima mphete onunkhira. Makamaka zambiri za izo mu maselo zake. Lignin - ndi kugonjetsedwa kwambiri vegetative polima ndi kokha bowa (makamaka drevorazrushayuschih Polypore) ndi lignazy ulemu michere izo. Bowa majeremusi matenda chimakwirira zinyama ndi anthu (khungu, tsitsi, nthenga), secrete michere kuti kuphwanya mapuloteni keratin, kumene iwo anamanga.

Ambiri a michere awa mphamvu zopulumutsa ali apanga ndi maselo si nthawi zonse koma mu kukhalapo kwa thunthu mu chilengedwe (mwachitsanzo, ngati palibe pectin pa chilengedwe, pectinase si apanga). Iwo sali constitutive, zikhoza gawo lapansi kupatsidwa ulemu. Komanso, iwo anapanga ngati sing'anga ali chisakanizo cha mankhwala michere ndi yabwino kwambiri kagayidwe mphamvu (catabolites). Mwachitsanzo, pomalizira pake chiwonongeko cha polysaccharides kwambiri - Shuga wa M'magazi Koma chilengedwe chimene kuwonjezera lili pectin kapena mapadi, shuga, cellulase ndi pectinase si opangidwa. Silingakhale zothandiza kubala mankhwala zako zovuta kubala shuga, ngati ali kale mu kukula sing'anga. lamulo amenewa amatchedwa catabolite kupondereza.

agamobium

Kupitiriza kutsegula nkhani monga "makhalidwe General wa bowa", mwachidule kufotokoza mbali ya kafalitsidwe. Asexual kubalana wa zamoyo zimenezi zingakhale m'manja immobile spores. Zoospores ndipamene ochepa bowa, m'madzi ndi lapadziko, amene majini akuonekera bwino chifukwa madzi. michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana kapangidwe ndi pa zoospores Oomycetes gifihitrievyh ofanana ndi amene analongosola kuti ochrophyta, pamene Chytridiomycota ayankhidwa za gulu limeneli. Mitundu yambiri ya spores bowa imabereka stills, kusonyeza kuti ali kwambiri nthawi yaitali mwayi kwa dziko. Spores akhoza kupangidwa endogenously mu sporangia (sporangiospory) kapena exogenously (conidia). spores amkati akumasulidwa pokhapokha chiwonongeko cha sporangium, womwe nthawi zambiri kumachitika pamene yonyowa. ambiri (zikwi) a spores, koma mitundu ina kupanga sporangium yaing'ono (sporangioli) chomwe ndi spores ochepa (nthawizina wina) nthawi aumbike mwa sporangia lapansi. Zikatero ndi sporangioli chipolopolo ndi spores akhoza coalesce, ndiyeno mkangano amkati ntchito monga exogenous. Izi zikusonyeza pakutchulidwa yaikulu ya spores amkati, munali zofunika exogenous.

syngenesis

Mtundu ambiri ndondomeko kugonana, ndi zophweka kwambiri - ndi maphatikizidwe wa gametes awiri sali kusiyanitsidwa pa maselo vegetative, wotchedwa somatogamiya. Mtundu wa zimachitika lililonse kwa yisiti n'kumugawa m'magulumagulu kugonana askomitsetnyh, Basidiomycetes bowa zina zambiri. Nthawi zina zimatenga ngakhale popanda foni maphatikizidwe, losavuta maphatikizidwe wa mtima mwa maselo. A ndondomeko zovuta zambiri yoyamba ogonana kudzipatula mbali mycelium (gametangia) kenako kuphatikiza. Ndi ntchito kugonana, gametangiogamiya, lililonse kwa zigo- ambiri ndi Ascomycetes. Pomaliza, mu bowa anapeza ndipo mwachizolowezi ena eukaryotic zamoyo gametogamiya, mwachitsanzo pophatikizana apadera gametes.

Classic ine_ ndi heterogamy khalidwe la algae, imapezeka mu bowa m'munsi - Chytridiomycota. Chakale oogamy bowa sanali sakupezeka. Ngakhale oomycetes, wotchedwa chifukwa oogamy awo alibe nazo wamwamuna gametes (umuna kapena spermatsiev) ndi dzira oogonia mosatsata mwini pakhoma mchipinda ndipo dzina lake oosferami. Mitundu ina ya marsupials bowa ali oogonium (koma popanda gametes wamkazi mazira, mwachitsanzo woimira gametangium), koma palibe antheridium, kotero kuti umuna kumachitika autonomic gifoy. Ena askomitsegov ndi bazidiomitsetnyh dzimbiri bowa ndi mwamuna gametes - spermatsii, koma palibe gametes wamkazi, ndi zina gametangia (spermatogamiya). Mu mitundu ina spermatsii ndi ntchito wapawiri - ndi gametes mwamuna ndi spores asexual (conidia).

Pomaliza

General maonekedwe a bowa: kudya ndi kupuma, n'ngopatsirana kubalana - onse chidwi kwambiri kwa okonda zachilengedwe. Ndi zamoyo zapadera zomera kapena nyama. Oyamba mu buku lotchedwa "General maonekedwe a bowa" (kalasi 7), mudzaona kuti iwo ndiwo Ufumu osiyana. maufumu ena - ndi nyama, zomera, mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya. Mutu wa "makhalidwe General wa bowa ndi phindu" akhazikitsidwa mu mabuku ndi m'nkhani ino - chabe mfundo zikuluzikulu za iwo. Pa iwo zinalembedwa mabuku lonse, kotero chinkhoswe pa maphunziro awo akhoza kukhala nthawi yayitali. Mmodzi wa mitu chidwi kwambiri maganizo, ndi makhalidwe ambiri a bowa. Nkhungu - wina wa akale kwambiri mitundu dziko la zamoyo. Iye anaonekera 200 miliyoni. Zaka zapitazo ndipo zimakula bwino Masiku ano. Open gawo la sukulu iliyonse sukulu "Ufumu wa bowa. Makhalidwe General" (kalasi 6), ndipo mudzapeza zambiri za izo.