Biology. Mwadongosolo losavuta Gulu

Kusiyanitsa taxonomic wa chosavuta (chithunzi cha zamoyo ena m'nkhani ino) amaphatikizidwa nyama zokhala ndi selo imodzi, cha gulu la eukaryotes. Kuyambira eukaryotes ena onse, iwo amasiyana kuti iwo nthawi zambiri amakhala yekha selo limodzi lokha, ngakhale kuti pangakhale zingapo. Choncho, mlingo ma za bungwe ndi kukhala apamwamba. Magulu taxonomic chabe mulibe tizilombo kuti satsatira lamulo limeneli. Pafupifupi nthumwi zonse tosaoneka kukula.

makhalidwe morphological ndi thupi

Malinga ndi msinkhu wawo ali osiyana morphological ndi thupi zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, osavuta dongosolo amoeba (iwo alibe kusiyanitsidwa kuchepetsa organelles, zoyenda adani ndi zakudya zina.). Ndipo ngati tikukamba za ciliates, gulu lawo ndi zovuta ndithu. Awa ndi pamwamba pellikulyarnye losavuta kapangidwe ndi Buku contractile fibrils, komanso organelles za kayendedwe, chitetezo, adani chakudya ndi T. D.). Onse taxonomic magulu mogwirizana yodziwika ndi mtundu wa ultrastructure ma, komanso organelles ambiri cholinga: lysosomes, ribosomes, zida Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria. Phata la dvuhmembrannoy awo atazunguliridwa ndi chipolopolo, pamene pali pores. Lili nucleoli, karyoplasm ndi DNA (kawirikawiri mu interphase phata iwo despiralizovany).

chiwerengero cha mitundu

Pakali pano, akuluakulu magulu taxonomic anaphunzira mogwirizana. Pali 25-30 mitundu yambirimbiri. Ndipo ndi okhawo amene anapeza asayansi. chiwerengero cha mwachibadwa zikuchitika ndizingokhala kuposa nthawi pang'ono, chifukwa iwo ankafufuza chifukwa mavuto luso ndi kukula tosaoneka. Mazana a mtundu watsopano wa zamoyo akufotokozedwa chaka chilichonse. Onse magulu asanu: knidosporidii, ciliates, sporozoans, flagellates ndi sarkodovyh. Poyerekeza makhalidwe a magulu pulayimale m'ndondomeko amalola kusankha zizindikiro zawo khalidwe. Ambiri a iwo ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi.

Udindo mu chikhalidwe

Mogwirizana ndi ofala kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Iwo amakhala malo kwambiri mu unyolo chakudya, komanso mu biosphere wonse. Ambiri a iwo (ciliates, radiolarians, flagellates) ndi mbali ya zomera zam'madzi. Mofulumira kuchulukana, iwo nthawi zambiri kufika ambiri. Izi tizilombo - yofunika zikuluzikulu za zakudya zooplankton m'madzi, makamaka copepods. Zimakhala zosavuta (ciliates, foraminifera) ali m'gulu la benthos m'madzi, amene akupezeka ku woyendera nthambi intertidal kuti akuya kwambiri. chiwerengero cha tizilombo ndi benthic madzi gawo ndi zomera. Species zikuchokera losavuta tikukhala mu madzi atsopano - anasonyeza saprobity, i.e. madzi kuipitsidwa ndi zinthu organic. Chakudya ambiri nsomba mphutsi, kuphatikizapo nsomba, ndi zina zosavuta, nthawi zambiri ciliates.

mitundu parasitic

gulu mwadongosolo mogwirizana ndi ambiri ndithu. Kwathunthu wapangidwa ndi osiyana ndi majeremusi - knidosporidii ndi sporozoans. Wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakati pa zamoyo izi ndi anthu majeremusi, nyama malonda ndi zoweta, nsomba ndi mbalame. Pakuti iwo chifukwa matenda monga giardiasis, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, malungo. The aakulu ng'ombe ndi matenda amene amayambitsa majeremusi magazi - trypanosomiasis, theileriosis piroplasmoses.

gulu mwadongosolo chabe ntchito kwambiri kuwonongeka ndi nkhuku (coccidiosis). Matenda protozoal ulimi nsomba akuvutika nsomba makamaka tiana ta malonda. Makamaka, Ichthyophthirius, parasitic ciliate (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) angachititse imfa ya mwachangu. Mu gawo lalikulu knidosporidii kalasi tichipeza majeremusi nsomba ndi tizilombo zothandiza - silkworms ndi njuchi. Lero, anayamba njira ya ntchito yosavuta, ndicho microsporidia, chifukwa kulimbana tizirombo. Zotsatira zingamuthandize akhala analandira umenewu.

mogwirizana m'madzi

Izi mwadongosolo gulu losavuta unathandiza kwambiri mu mapangidwe miyala nyanja. Izi likugwira ntchito makamaka radiolarians ndi foraminifera. Ambiri chalky madipoziti, limestones ndi zina miyala nyanja anapanga pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana Geological pa malo nyanja, pang'ono kapena athanzi mafupa (siliceous kapena Mbali yokhala ngati) malasha mogwirizana. Choncho kusanthula Micropaleontological ikuchitika pa yoyeza miyala, makamaka kufufuza mafuta.

Ntchito choyezera mchitidwe

Zochita zasayansi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mogwirizana (ciliates, amoeba) kufufuza biophysical, majini ndi mavuto cytological. zikhalidwe njira zasayansi bwino cholinga. Protistology - ndi sayansi kuti amachita ndi kuphunzira losavuta.

microanatomy

Ndi dongosolo la chipinda ndi losavuta, zimadalira kwenikweni pa moyo wa mitundu, komanso ake zimasintha thupi. Onani kuti pali nthawi mitima chimodzi kapena zingapo atazunguliridwa ndi Kakhungu awiri. Mfundo imeneyi walola asayansi kuti kusanthula poyerekeza a magulu mwadongosolo mogwirizana. Mu phata ndi DNA. pamaso wawo ku mitundu yonse anathandizanso kudziwa makhalidwe poyerekeza wa taxa mogwirizana. Photo ciliates ndi anapereka m'munsimu.

Phata ciliates zambiri amagwa mitundu iwiri: chimodzi kapena zingapo micronuclei ang'ono ndi lina lalikulu macronucleus. Maselo ena a losavuta Mipikisano pachimake. Major magulu taxonomic yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa vacuoles mogwirizana. danga ili ndi wosiyana ndi ena onse cytoplasm Kakhungu. Iwo amasiyana mbali ndi kukula. Vacuoles ali aziwapatsa kugaya chakudya, ndiponso kudzikundikira komanso kutaya katundu olimba ndi madzi a kagayidwe. Komanso, iwo akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuthetsa algae, yomwe eni, kuti ndi zamoyo losavuta photosynthesize organic. The vacuoles ndi cytoplasm a mitundu ina ali granules pigment. Komanso, kapangidwe awo allocated plastids - okhudza maselo ambiri nyumba apadera amene ali inki kugwirizana ndi kukhazikitsa photosynthesis. chiwerengero chawo ndi mawonekedwe zimadalira mitundu, ndiko kuti, a muyezo gulu. Mu ena yosavuta ekstrusomy akunja Kakhungu oyenerera, "kuwombera" organelle. Mwachitsanzo, mukotsisty secreting ntchofu ndi trichocysts, emitting woonda filament. Mwina inkateteza. Ife azingochita zimene michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana. Malinga mtundu wa iwo akhoza ili ndi ambiri. Izi ulusi-ngati locomotor organelles ndi dongosolo zovuta za microtubules mkati kotenga. Malinga ndi mfundo ya ntchito ndi matabwa ake, iwo kusiyana kwambiri pa michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana mabakiteriya. Makamaka, iwo ali khalidwe la flagellates. Tiyeni tinene mawu ochepa za padera.

Flagellate michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana ntchito kulenga mafunde madzi ndi / kapena ayende maulendo, kuti apeze chakudya. Izi mwadongosolo losavuta gulu chikuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa tizilombo ngati ndi mitundu ufulu amoyo ndi symbionts nyama. Pali zokhala ndi selo imodzi polienergidnye monoenergidnye ndi mawonekedwe, komanso multicellular ndi atsamunda. Pakuti flagellates ambiri ali ndi chizolowezi osmotrofnomu zakudya ndi maselo ang'onoang'ono kukula. Ngakhale pali pakati pawo fagotrofnye mitundu lalikulu kwambiri.

Cilia michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana amafanana, koma ali wamfupi ndi nthawi kupanga maofesi lonse pa khungu ndi ntchito ntchito. Chitsanzo kufalitsa cilia padziko - chizindikiro zofunika za gulu ntchito magulu taxonomic wa mogwirizana.

Musanyoze iwo nkhanu, ena oimira losavuta zalembedwa mamba mineralized kapena organic kapena zipolopolo za zipolopolo, osiyana mu kapangidwe dongosolo. Komanso, kungakhale kovuta okhudza maselo ambiri mafupa, zomwe kawirikawiri ndi zovuta latisi Kapangidwe.

chakudya

Pankhani Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa, ndi oimira gulu taxonomic mwina autotrophs (ndiko kuti, photosynthesize organic) kapena heterotrophs (kuyamwa izo kwa chilengedwe) kapena mixotrophy (ntchito pamwamba njira ziwiri mphamvu). Heterotrophs akhoza akuyamwitsa mpaka pamwamba maselo solutes. Pankhaniyi iwo amatchedwa osmotrofami. Komanso, iwo akhoza kumeza chakudya chotafuna kudzera zosiyanasiyana njira, ndiyeno iwo amatchedwa fagotrofami. Chakudya fagotrofov angakhale monga zamoyo zina. Makamaka, iwo akhoza kudya mogwirizana ena. Nthawi zina, kuti aulande iwo amalimbikila kupeza nyama.

Kugawilidwa kwanthaka

Mukachipinda mu malonda kunja sing'anga kuwombola olimba anachokera ntchito maphatikizidwe vacuoles munali iwo, ndi Kakhungu lakunja. Nthawi zina amapezeka mu gawo odzipereka yakeyo (tsitoprokte, selo poroshitse). vacuoles Contractile zikukangalika amawapopa kuchokera madzi owonjezera ndi zinyalala kagayidwe kachakudya kusungunuka mmenemo.

mpweya

Mapangidwe taxonomic magulu mogwirizana akhoza wodzilemekeza ndi mbali ya kupuma. Zimakhala kapena mpweya-free (anaerobic) ndipo amafuna chilengedwe mpweya umene uli thupi. Mpweya kwa anaerobes ziyenera zoipa, ndi kufa m'malo wolemera iwo. Ena mitundu mu malo m'madzi, osauka, iwo kupuma kupyolera mabakiteriya symbiotic. Choncho mlingo pa zomwe ndondomeko izi zimachitika ndi mwachindunji njila kwa kutentha ndi zimatengera mtundu wa gawo lapansi metabolizable, i.e. cleavable mamolekyulu, komanso taxonomic gulu.

kubalana

magulu Kufotokozera mwadongosolo chabe wathunthu makhalidwe kubalana. Iwo akhoza kubereka asexually. Pankhaniyi, selo lagawidwa angapo bulanchi. Komabe, iwo akhoza kugwira ntchito imeneyi ndi kugonana, ndi nawo maselo awiri. Njirazi nthawi zina alternated malingana pa zimene siteji mkombero moyo. Nyongolosi maselo (amatchedwa gametes) kuphatikiza mu kubereka kapena anaona zosakhalitsa kugwirizana (conjugation) awiri maselo ochiritsira, imbaenda kuuzana ndi cholowa zinthu therebetween. Ngati merging gametes kunja pafupifupi ofanana, tikulankhula za isogamy. Ngati mmodzi wa iwo kukula ndi lalikulu kwambiri, kunena za anisogamy.

Ndithudi, ife yochepa kufotokoza magulu mwadongosolo losavuta. Biology - sayansi, kuphunzira zimene mungathe kupeza dziko lonse latsopano. Maso athu sangathe kusiyanitsa yaying'ono-zamoyo, koma sayansi amatilola kuwaona. Patsogolo pathu amaoneka wazolengedwa. Zitsanzo za izi ndi magulu osiyanasiyana mwadongosolo mogwirizana. Rhizomes, sporozoans, ciliates, flagellates ndi zamoyo zina ndi chidwi kwambiri zambiri.