Chemical kusanduka: magawo ndi zomwenso

The ndondomeko kutembenuka chinakwaniritsidwa umagwirira sayansi mu otchedwa mankhwala kusanduka, ndi zinasintha za ndondomeko chosintha zinachitika chilengedwe 1777 ndi French zachilengedwe wasayansi Lavoisier kuyaka chiphunzitso kufotokoza udindo wa oxygen. Kenako anayamba review mfundo zonse zofunika ndi mfundo zimapangidwira, wasintha terminology ndi nomenclature zinthu.

pulayimale Inde

1789 anaona kutulutsidwa kwa buku Lavoisier, nthawi yomweyo anakhala Buku kwambiri kwa ofufuza ndi madokotala a sayansi anabadwa. The "pulayimale umagwirira Inde" wakhala woyamba mu mndandanda dziko - Table matupi yosavuta kulemba zinthu mankhwala odziwika. Maziko a Tome izi Lavoisier atagona ndendende mpweya chiphunzitso cha kuyaka, umene zamoyo mankhwala anauzidwa ndi njira zatsopano. Chofunika kwambiri tanthauzo la - zinachitikira, n'zimene wasayansi ndi osankhidwa muyezo waukulu, ndi chirichonse chimene sichiri anatsimikizira mwa zochitika, monga atomiki kapena maselo dongosolo, Lavoisier anali suona.

Chemical kusanduka wopyoza malamulo iye anakonza - ndi kusamala misa, za chikhalidwe cha katundu wa mankhwala, kusiyana awo zikuchokera elemental. Zinali ndiye kuti umagwirira wakhala sayansi kudzikonda, kuphunzira zikuchokera kwa matupi experimentally. Sindikanachita popanda mankhwala kusanduka wa kusalumikizana ya nkhani, motero, anthu potsiriza anasiya alchemical zapitazi, malingaliro zokhudza nkhaniyi ndi katundu kusintha kwambiri ndipo mwamsanga. Koma kutsogolera kwa ndondomekoyi anatumikira Lavoisier kafukufuku. Tsopano, ngakhale asukulu mukudziwa kuti mu magawo a mankhwala kusanduka (kapena prebiotic kusanduka) ayenera kuonedwa ku nthawi umene unachitika zikamera wa moyo padziko lapansi. M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, malingaliro ngati a dziko palibe amene anali.

moyo

Chemical kusanduka anayamba padziko lapansi lopanda moyo mwamtheradi dziko pamene thunthu organic pang'ono ndi pang'ono anayamba kutuluka mamolekyulu zochita kupanga, amene makamaka bwanji mphamvu ndi kusankha zinthu. Kumasulidwa njira wodzilamulira bungwe, chimene ndi khalidwe la ngakhalenso njira ndi zovuta. Choncho, mpweya Padziko Lapansi anaonekera. M'malomwake, carbonaceous molekyulu woyamba wofunika kwambiri osati kwa maonekedwe komanso pofuna kukwaniritsa kanthu amoyo onse.

Sitikudziwa patali chotero, chomwe ndicho mankhwala kusanduka mu magawo oyambirira a moyo. The odziwika kapangidwe ka chinthu chilichonse zimasokoneza zamoyo zinachita ndondomeko malire amadzimadzi mpweya zopanda. Mwina, m'chilengedwe chonse pali options mode ena aliko wa nkhani amoyo ndi chiyambi cha mapuloteni athu - si yekha "njira yopulumukira". Apo panali anazindikira osakaniza wapadera katundu polima ndi mpweya depolarizing katundu sing'anga amadzimadzi mu gawo madzi. zinthu izi zinali zokwanira kuyamba zamoyo mankhwala moyo ndi kufunika chitukuko cha zonse kudziwika kwa ife zosiyanasiyana moyo.

Kuyambira ndondomeko

Anthu ngakhale a mchikuta yake sadziwa zonse. Makamaka za malo ndi nthawi kuyamba magawo a mankhwala kusanduka Padziko Lapansi. Ichi ndi chomwe ife, nawonso ongoganizira chabe. Apa, choyamba, pangakhale mwamtheradi nthawi iliyonse.

Ukamaliza kayendedwe ka lachiwiri la nyenyezi mapangidwe pamene mankhwala condensed kuphulika kwa nyenyezi yaikulu, amene anapereka interstellar danga zinthu otchedwa lolemera, amene kulemera kuposa twente-sikisi. Pamene nyenyezi mu m'badwo wachiwiri anapeza machitidwe awo mapulaneti, kumene chofunika zinthu zolemera wakhala okwanira kuchuluka. Apezeka akamanena za mankhwala kusanduka zotheka nthawi iliyonse pambuyo Big Bang mu imeneyi zaka theka biliyoni biliyoni theka.

Kodi moyo unayamba

Kodi iye akanatha anayambika - komanso funso lofuna. Polenga ambiri N'kuthekanso Launch mankhwala zinthu ekolyutsii ungachitike chilengedwe chilichonse. Izi subsoil ndi mlengalenga, ndi kuzama kwa nyanja ndi padziko, ngakhale protoplanetary mapangidwe abwino.

Komanso, mtambo interstellar mpweya angathenso monga ponyamukira misampha pa moyo kanthu moyo, ndipo anatsimikizira m'menemo zinthu organic wapezeka - ndi alcohols shuga, aldehydes, amino zidulo, glycine ndi zambiri angathe kutumikira monga kuyambira mfundo moyo mwa mankhwala kusanduka anayamba.

chiphunzitso

Ancient Earth amasunga zinsinsi zake, ndipo anthu alibe nazo zambiri zokhudza zinthu geochemical linakhalapo pamaso pa zikamera wa moyo. kafukufuku Geological mwina kukwaniritsa mafunso onse, choncho kuphunzira zambiri nawo zakuthambo. Choncho anamanga chiphunzitso cha mankhwala kusanduka. Masiku ano zinthu Venusian ndi Martian amaonedwa kukhala ofanana Lapansi magawo ena a mankhwala kusanduka.

Kuyetsa pa zitsanzo ndipo potero kupeza deta zonse zodziwika zofunika. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito kayeseleledwe nyimbo zosiyanasiyana mankhwala ndi nyengo mu mlengalenga, ndi hydrosphere, lithosphere zovuta mamolekyulu organic zimapezeka. Kupeza deta latsopano ndi kuyesera nthawi zonse tikukonza kumalimbitsa chiphunzitsochi. Kotero, anali asankha zingapo za malingaliro za njira yeniyeni ndi magulu mwachindunji galimoto unachitikira mankhwala kusanduka.

Research ku Russia

Moyo Padziko Lapansi unakhazikitsidwa kudzera abiogenesis, ndiko kubadwa kwa mankhwala organic amene kupezeka ndi khalidwe zinyama kupitirira thupi ndi wopanda nawo pang'ono michere. Ichi ndi gawo loyamba, pamene pali amoyo zopanda lapansi.

Ndi kungoganizira maphunziro Oparin mu makumi a mazana makumi awiri, njira ya mankhwala apamwamba maselo amatha kupanga malo ena kumene maganizo awo ndi chinawonjezeka ndi kulekana ndi chilengedwe kunja salephera kulankhula ndi izo. malo awa akutchedwa coacervates kapena madontho coacervate.

kunja

Origin abiotic kaphatikizidwe akuyendera dziko wosazindikira anathera mu 1953 godu Stanley Miller, synthesizing amino zidulo ndi zinthu zina organic. Kenako anaonekera chiphunzitso hypercycles amene akufotokoza kuli moyo mu njira ya mankhwala zamoyo wa kukhalapo anachita othandizira, zotsatizana kumene mankhwala yapita wobwezera chothandizira lotsatira.

Only woyamba "protocell" analengedwa mu 2008 ndi zamoyo American amene mwa m'chimake zidulo mafuta ndi lipids anali amatha kupeza nyukiliotayidi monophosphate kwa chilengedwe. Izi adamulowetsa imidazole "njerwa" zofunika kaphatikizidwe wa DNA. Ndipo mu 2011 ku Japan zinalengedwa vesicles ndi zinthu DNA pansi Kakhungu cationic, amene anatha kugawanitsa, monga anali polirazmernaya unyolo anachita, ndi kugawanika kwa DNA.

malingaliro chachikulu

Chemical zamoyo wa moyo Padziko Lapansi kungoganizira akufotokoza mfundo zofunika.

1. Kufunikira limapezeka pa Dziko Lapansi kapena zinthu danga, imene pali autocatalytic kaphatikizidwe ugrerodosoderzhaschih mamolekyulu, ndi kaphatikizidwe ayenera kukhala mabuku lalikulu ndipo zosiyanasiyana ndithu, zokwanira kuyamba ndondomeko ya mankhwala kusanduka.
2. Zadzidzidzi nyumba protocellular akutulukira ku mamolekyulu tafotokozazi. Izi khola aggregates chatsekedwa olekanitsidwa chilengedwe, kuwombola mphamvu zinthu napereka iwo kusankha. Kotero pali dongosolo protocellular.
3. The mayunitsi unakhazikitsidwa kumeneko ndi luso kudzimvera chitukuko - kudziona kugawanika ndi kudzikonda kusintha kwa mfundo zonse za machitidwe mankhwala. Choncho pali mayunitsi yaikulu ya malamulo cholowa.
4. Siteji yotsatira - ubale pakati maonekedwe ndi ntchito za michere katundu wa mapuloteni ndi RNA ndi DNA ngati zonyamulira deta. Choncho palidi cholowa malamulo chofunika mfundo kwachilengedwenso.

anapeza

Monga tanena Alexander Oparin mwamsanga ndi makumi Mu zaka zapitazo anatsegula coacervates. Kenako Stanley Miller ndi Harold Urey mu 1953, anafotokoza zikamera wa mlengalenga wakale simulating biomolecules yosavuta ndondomeko asayembekezere. Kenako Sidney Foks anauza dziko za microspheres wa protenoidov. Mu 1981, T. ndi S. Ceku Altmane amatha kusunga gulu la RNA autocatalytic monga ribozymes amatha cigawo mfundo ndi catalysis mu molekyulu ndi, "kusema kunja" okha ku unyolo ndi kulumikiza otsala "malekezero".

Mu 1986, William Gilbert a Cambridge anayamba lingaliro la "RNA World" ndipo Günther Von Kidrovski ku Germany pa nthawi yomweyo anali kuperekedwa woyamba otha kuchulukana dongosolo zochokera DNA, amene anali ndi chopereka kofunika kumvetsa kachitidwe otha kuchulukana ndi ntchito zawo kukula. Sayansi msanga wapita patsogolo mbali iyi: Manfred Eigen anatsegula hyperframe, zamoyo wa ensembles la tinthu RNA, ndi Yuliy Rebek atalenga yokumba molekyulu kuti otha kuchulukana mu chloroform.

Space & Earth

The Space Flight Center wa NASA Dzhon Korlis anaphunzira yobereka ndondomeko pa akasupe matenthedwe mwa nyanja mphamvu ndi mankhwala kuti kupanga mankhwala kusanduka osadalira pa malo danga, ndipo lero iwo ali archaebacteria koyamba malo okhazikika. Mu dziko chitsulo sulfides, nambala ya malingaliro Gunter Vehterskhoyzera.

Iye anafotokoza woyamba otha kuchulukana nyumba kagayidwe anachititsa padziko galasi (chitsulo sulfide), amene adapatsa mphamvu zofunika kusinthana zinthu. Kumbali ya kusankha kukula ndi kuvunda timibulu galasi kukula ndi kuberekana, kupanga zosiyanasiyana anthu. dongo mchere kwa maonekedwe a mamolekyulu organic akhala kwambiri kuphunzira. Komabe, chitsanzo logwirizana la mankhwala kusanduka alibe kulibe, kuyambira zoyamba za kayendedwe ka ndondomeko izi si koma lotseguka.