Bashkir: chipembedzo, miyambo, chikhalidwe

Russia - Dziko multiethnic. boma zimapezeka ndi anthu osiyanasiyana amene ali ndi zikhulupiriro zawo, chikhalidwe ndi miyambo. Mu wa Volga Federal District pali phunziro la Russia - Republic of Bashkortostan. Adzaupereka kwa chigawo Ural zachuma. Phunziro la Chitaganya cha Russia pa malire a Orenburg, Chelyabinsk ndipo Sverdlovsk m'madera a Perm Gawo, mayiko mu Russian Federation - Udmurtia ndi Tatarstan. Likulu la Bashkortostan ndi Ufa. Republic ndi kudziyimira pawokha woyamba pa malo mitundu. Inakhalapo mu 1917. Kumbali ya anthu (anthu oposa zinayi), komanso chimatenga malo oyamba mwa autonomies lapansi. Republic zidzaze advantageously Bashkirs. Culture, chipembedzo, miyambo ya iyi mtundu kudzakhala nkhani yathu. Izo ziyenera ananena kuti Bashkirs moyo osati Republic of Bashkortostan. Oimira anthu angapezeke mu ndime zina za Russian Federation ndi Ukraine ndi Hungary.

Kodi mtundu wa anthu - ndi Bashkirs?

Izi anthu zakwawoko wa dzina chomwecho m'dera mbiri. Ngati anthu anthu oposa mamiliyoni anayi, Bashkirs mitundu ndi kunyumba kwa anthu 1172287 yekha (malinga ndi kalembera lomaliza mu 2010). Lonse la Russia pali theka mamembala miliyoni a dziko lino. About zikwi zana namuka. chilankhulo Bashkir anali allocated ku West-Altai banja subgroups zapitazo. Koma kulemba m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, iwo achokera script Arabic. Mu Soviet Union, "lamulo yochokera kumwamba," linamasuliridwa Latin, ndipo mu zaka za ulamuliro wa Stalin - zilembo za Chisililiki. Koma si chinenero chimagwirizanitsa anthu. Ogwirizana chinthu, kulola kuti kusunga chizindikiro chawo, ndi chipembedzo. Akhristu ambiri Bashkirs - ndi Sunni Muslim. Pansipa ife kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane chipembedzo chawo.

Mbiri ya anthu

Malinga ndi sayansi, ndi Bashkirs akale Herodotus ndi Klavdiy Ptolemey. "Atate wa History" Argippeans adawayitana ndipo linkasonyeza kuti anthu awa atavala Msukuti, koma anati mu chilankhulo wapadera. Mbiri Chinese udindo mofanana Bashkirs kwa mafuko a Huns. Mu "Book of Sui" (m'ma chiwiri) anatchula mtundu Bay ndi Bo Ding-Han. Iwo akhoza limatinso Bashkirs ndi Volga Bulgars. Atchule zambiri momveka akale apaulendo Arab. Pafupifupi 840 Sallam al-Tardzhuman anapita kudera, anafotokoza malire ake ndi njira ya moyo ya anthu. Iye amadziwika ndi Bashkirs monga mtundu woima paokha, kukhala malo otsetsereka onse a Ural mapiri, pakati pa mitsinje Volga, Kama, Tobol ndi Yaikom. Iwo anali theka-woyendayendawu pastoralists, koma nkhondo kwambiri. Arab wapaulendo anatchula animism, amene anali Bashkirs wakale. Chipembedzo anatanthauza milungu yawo khumi chilimwe ndi chisanu, mvula ndi mphepo, madzi ndi dziko lapansi, usana ndi usiku, akavalo ndi anthu, imfa. Waukulu anali kumwamba Mzimu pa iwo. Zikhulupiriro za Bashkirs m'gulu zinthu za totemism (mafuko ena akulemekezedwa cranes, nsomba ndi njoka) ndi kukhulupirira mizimu.

Large zotsatira za Danube

M'zaka za m'ma, m'tsinde mwa Urals pofunafuna msipu bwino anasiya osati wakale Magyars. Iwo anali olumikizidwa ndi ena mwa Bashkir mafuko - Kese, Eneya, Yurmaty ndi ena. Izi chitaganya wosamukasamuka, choyamba anakhazikika kuderalo pakati pa Dnieper ndi Don, kupanga dziko Levediyu. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi, motsogozedwa ndi Aripadi, anayamba kulimbikitsa kumadzulo zina. Kufika Carpathians ndi mafuko woyendayendawu anagonjetsa Pannonia maziko Hungary. Koma tisaganize kuti Bashkirs mwamsanga anaphatikizana ndi Magyars wakale. mafuko anagawanika ndi kuyamba moyo pa onse mtsinje wa Danube. Zikhulupiriro Bashkirs, amene Islamized ngakhale Urals ndi, pang'onopang'ono m'malo mwa Mulungu mmodzi. Mbiri Arab za m'ma akhumi amatchula kuti m'mphepete kumpoto wa Danube anthu Akhristu Khunkar. Ndipo kum'mwera kwa Ufumu wa Hungary moyo Bashgird aslam ai. Mudzi waukulu iwo anali keratitis. Kumene, Islam ndi mu mtima wa Europe sakanakhoza kupulumuka kwa nthawi yaitali. Kale m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu, ambiri Bashkirs Chikristu. Ndipo mu Asilamu khumi ndi anayi ku Hungary izo sizinali konse.

Tengrianism

Koma ku masiku oyambirira, pamaso pa zotsatira za mafuko woyendayendawu ku Urals lapansi. Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane zikhulupiriro zomwe ankati Bashkirs. chipembedzo Izi Tengri - dzina la Atate wa zinthu zonse ndi mulungu wa mlengalenga. M'chilengedwe chonse, monga Bashkirs akale, pali zinthu zitatu: malo ndi pansi. Ndipo aliyense wa iwo anali omveka ndi zosaoneka gawo. kumwamba unagawidwa tiers angapo. Pa apamwamba lokhalamo Tengri Khan. Bashkirs, sankadziwa boma anali Komabe, lingaliro bwino wa mphamvu choimirira. milungu ina yonse inali kutumikira mbali ya chikhalidwe (nyengozo, mphepo, mvula, mphepo, etc.) ndi mosasintha amagonjera Khan Tengri. Bashkirs wakale sankakhulupirira kuuka kwa moyo. Koma iwo ankakhulupirira kuti idzafika kuti moyo m'thupi, ndipo ndi moyo padziko lapansi nagona njira yamoyo wakudziko.

Pawiri ndi Islam

M'zaka za chakhumi, malo kumene kuli mwa Bashkirs ndi Volga Bulgars, anayamba kudutsa amishonale Muslim. Mosiyana ndi Ubatizo wa Russia, amene anakomana ndi kukana woyaka moto wa anthu akunja, woyendayendawu tengriantsy analandira Islam popanda mopitirira muyezo uliwonse. Lingaliro la chipembedzo Bashkirs mwangwiro kugwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti Mulungu, amene Baibulo limapereka. Tengri anayamba kugwirizana ndi Mulungu. Komabe, 'milungu m'munsi "amene ali ndi udindo zinthu ndi zochitika zachilengedwe, wachita kale amalemekezedwa kwambiri. Ndipo tsopano njira zikhulupiriro zakale unkagwiritsidwa m'miyambi, miyambo yosiyanasiya-. Tikhoza kunena kuti Tengriism refracted mu chikumbumtima unyinji wa anthu, kupanga mtundu wa chodabwitsa chikhalidwe.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Islam

Woyamba Muslim m'manda ku Republic of Bashkortostan analembedwa m'ma chitatu. Koma kuweruza ndi zinthu zopezeka kumanda, izo Tingaone kuti wamwalirayo ayenera kuti akunja anthu. Pa oyambirira siteji mankhwala a anthu wamba kwa Islam (m'ma chakhumi) ankaimba amishonale chachikulu udindo brotherhoods monga Naqshbandiyya ndi Yasaviya. Iwo anabwera kuchokera m'mizinda ya ku Central Asia, makamaka ku Bukhara. Anatsimikiza kuti tsopano zimene chipembedzo cha Bashkirs lapansi. Pambuyo Bukhara ufumu Pamilunguyo Sunni Islam, amene zogwirizana Sufi maganizo ndi Hanafi kutanthauzira kwa Koran. Koma anansi kumadzulo mokoma onsewa Islam sanali bwino. Franciscans John-Hungary ndi William ankakhala mosalekeza kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi Bashkortostan, anatumiza 1320, ndi communique kuti General dongosolo lake: "Tidapeza Wamkulu Koposa Baskardii ndipo pafupifupi onse a m'banja lake kwathunthu kachilombo Saracen zolakwika." Ndipo izi zikusonyeza kuti anakumbatira Islam mu theka zoyambirira za m'ma chakhumi ndi chinayi, ambiri a wa chigawocho.

Kulumikizana Russia

Mu 1552, atagwa Kazan Khanate, Bashkiria anakhala gawo la ufumu Moscow. Koma akulu kuti chinanena lamanja la ena kudziyimira pawokha. Choncho, Bashkirs choti apitirize kukhala m'dziko lawo, chipembedzo chawo ndi moyo njira zakale za moyo. apakavalo Local nawo nkhondo asilikali Russian malamulo Livonia. Chipembedzo pakati pa Chitata ndi Bashkirs anali ndi matanthauzo osiyanasiyana. Yotsirizira anakumbatira Islam kale kwambiri. Ndipo chipembedzo chakhala chinthu cha kudzikonda chizindikiritso cha anthu. Ndi inalowa la Bashkiria kwa Russia, dera anayamba umalowa mu Muslim motsimikiza mipatuko. State pofuna kulamulira wokhulupirika onse a dziko, unakhazikitsidwa mu 1782 mu Ufa muftiat. ulamuliro wauzimu ameneyu zinachititsa kuti mfundo imeneyi m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, okhulupirira wosweka m'mbali. Aliyense traditionalist mapiko (kadimizm), zisinthe (Jadidism) ndi ishanizm (anataya maziko chopatulika cha Sufism).

Zomwe chipembedzo Bashkirs tsopano?

Kuyambira m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, kuchigawo nthawi zonse anapandukira amphamvu kumpoto-kumadzulo anzathu. Makamaka pafupipafupi ali m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu. kupanduka Iwowa mwachiwawa kuletsedwa. Koma Bashkirs, amene chipembedzo chinthu yolimbikitsa wodzilamulira kuzindikiritsa anthu anatha kusunga ufulu wawo chikhulupiriro. Iwo amapitiriza amati Sunni Islam ndi mfundo za Sufism. Komabe, Bashkortostan ndi pakati zauzimu Muslims onse Russian. Mu Republic pali mizikiti oposa mazana atatu, Institute Chisilamu, madrasas angapo. Ufa ndi Board chapakati Uzimu wa Asilamu wa Russia.

Chipembedzo Bashkir maphunziro chikhalidwe

Anthu kuteteza oyambirira zikhulupiriro chisanadze Chisilamu. Mwa kuphunzira miyambo Bashkirs, mukhoza kuona kuti iwo, syncretism zodabwitsa. Choncho, Tengri wakhala mu malingaliro a anthu kuli Mulungu mmodzi, Allah. Ena mafano anayamba kugwirizana ndi mizimu Muslim - ziwanda zoipa kapena onyoza anthu wopenga. A malo apadera mwa iwo wotanganidwa Yorty eyyahe (analogi Asilavo nyumba), Huu eyyahe (madzi) ndi Shurale (satana). Fanizo kwambiri a syncretism achipembedzo kutumikira monga zithumwa, amene, pamodzi ndi mano, zikhadabo nyama zoipa diso thandizo olembedwa pa mawu birch makungwa a m'Koran. Grachinoye tchuthi Kargat umabala kuda mwambo wa makolo, pamene phala mwambo anachoka pa munda. miyambo ankachita pobadwa, maliro ndi mwambo, amasonyeza m'mbuyomu achikunja a anthu.

m'zipembedzo zina mu Bashkortostan

Popeza kuti a chonse cha anthu a Bashkirs mitundu amapanga okha kotala akamatchula ikhale za zipembedzo zina. Choyamba, ndi Orthodox Christianity, amene atagonjetsa pano ndi atsamunda woyamba Russian (zaka za m'ma XVI.). Kenako iwo anakakhala pansi pano, ndipo Old Okhulupirira. M'zaka za m'ma XIX, m'dziko anabwera ambuye German ndi Ayuda. Panali mpingo Lutheran ndi sunagoge. Pamene Poland ndi Lithuania mbali ya Russian ufumu wa m'mphepete anayamba kukhazikika asilikali ku ukapolo Akatolika. Mu zaka za m'ma makumi awiri mu Ufa njuchi Abaptisti dera Kharkiv. Mipikisano mitundu anthu a Republic, ndipo chifukwa cha kuchuluka zikhulupiriro, amene amalolera kwambiri Bashkirs zakwawoko. Chipembedzo cha mtundu, ndi syncretism ake chibadidwe, akadali mchitidwe Pawokha yosiyanasiyana.