Chigawo cha Volga: chigawo, zigawo, zigawo

Kutsogoleredwa, Russia sagwirizanitsa okha ulamuliro, dera, dera ndi Republic, koma komanso zigawo za federal (FD). Onse 7. Akatswiri ambiri amaimba Chipatala cha Volga Federal. Kodi ndichinthu chotani chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu ena? Kodi kusiyana pakati pa Privolzhsky Federal District ndi zigawo zina? Makhalidwe a chuma chake, chiwerengero ndi zizindikiro za kukula kwa mizinda yakale zidzakambidwa m'nkhaniyi.

Kodi zigawo za federal ndi ziti?

Dera la Volga Federal ndilo bungwe lolamulira la Russia, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chigawo cha dziko, chomwe chinachitika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 2000. Panthawi yokonzanso, zigawo zisanu ndi ziwiri (federal) zandale (FD) zinakhazikitsidwa, malo atsopano anaonekera - nthumwi yovomerezeka ya mtsogoleri wa boma m'madera onsewa. Pali lingaliro lomwe luso limeneli linapangidwa pofuna kutsimikizira kuti mgwirizano wa zachuma ndi ndale wazolinga za Russia. Kukonzekera kunayambika ndi nthawi ya kuyambika kwa mtundu watsopano wa mgwirizano, wosiyana ndi malamulo a Soviet a kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka ntchito.

Dziko, malinga ndi akatswiri ena, silingasankhe: kupereka zigawozi ufulu wambiri kapena kulamulira ku Moscow. Zotsatira zake, zotsutsana zinagwiritsidwa ntchito: adaganiza zopanga zowonjezera zowonongetsa pakati pa likulu ndi nkhani za federation. Zinaoneka kuti zigawozi, mbali imodzi, zinali zovomerezeka, pambali inayo - zinkayenera kuwona zofuna za madera ena oyandikana nawo, omwe anali m'chigawo chimodzi.

Kudzudzula kachitidwe ka zigawo za federal

Pakati pa akatswiri a ku Russia pali maganizo okhudza kusamalidwa kosatha kwa magulu, omwe Russia akugawaniza molamulira. Dera la Volga Federal silosiyana. Kawirikawiri mfundo zoterezi zinafotokozedwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 2000, m'zaka zoyambirira zitatha chigawo cha chigawo chitayikidwa ndi purezidenti. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zotsutsa ndizosiyana pakati pa ntchito iyi ya mtsogoleri wa dziko ndi malamulo a malamulo. Mwapadera, lamulo lalikulu la dzikoli likuti chisankho chokonza kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka boma ka Russian Federation chikhoza kupangidwa kokha pamaziko a malamulo a federal, koma osati malamulo a pulezidenti. Ngakhale zigawozo zinakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo la mkulu wa boma. Mfundo ina yomwe anthu amatsutsa ndi udindo wa woimira purezidenti m'zigawo za federal. Mulamulo, iwo amakhulupirira, palibe liwu lonena za momwe mphamvu za mtsogoleri wa dziko zingasinthidwe kukhala ntchito za nthumwi zomwe zafunsidwa.

Kusinthika kwa Utumiki wa Zigawo za Zigawo za Foma

Mu Meyi 2014, pulezidenti waku Russia adagwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yowonongeka kwa maofesi a boma m'madera a federal. Izi zinakhudza maofesi a Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. M'zigawo za federal munali madera akuluakulu a Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. Akuluakulu a boma adaganiza zochepetsera malowa chifukwa cha chigamulo china cha boma chomwe chinakhazikitsa chiwerengero cha antchito a Ministry of Internal Affairs, omwe ntchito yawo imathandizidwa kuchokera ku bajeti ya boma - 1 miliyoni 113,000 anthu 172. Chotsatira chake, utsogoleri wa Utumiki uyenera kuchotsedwa m'madera a federal (kupatulapo Utumiki wa Zamkatimu wa Russian Federation ku North Caucasus Federal District). Dipatimenti yaikulu ya Utumiki wa Zigawo za M'madera ku Volga Federal District, komanso maofesi omwewo ku Far East, Siberia, Urals, Center, South ndi North-West Russia anachotsedwa. Ogwira ntchito m'madipatimenti ameneŵa anachotsedwa kwa ogwira ntchito ndipo anayenera kubwezeretsanso, posankha funso la ntchito yawo yamtsogolo.

Malo akuzungulira

Kodi ndi zodabwitsa zotani pa District Volga Federal? Choyamba, midzi yayikulu yotchuka. Mizinda ikuluikulu ya Privolzhsky Federal District ndi: Samara wokongola, Kazan wokongola, Nizhny Novgorod wolemekezeka, Perm ndi alendo a Ufa. Kuonjezera apo, mawerengedwe ambiri a federal a mitundu yosiyanasiyana mumapangidwe. Timalemba mndandanda. Madera a Volga Federal District ndi Kirov, Orenburg, Samara, Penza, Nizhny Novgorod, madera a Saratov ndi Ulyanovsk. Mzindawu uli ndi mayiko 6 a dziko: Bashkortostan (likululo ndi Ufa), Mordovia (malo oyang'anira ndi Saransk), Tatarstan (mzinda waukulu ndi Kazan), Mari El (likulu la Republic ndi Yoshkar-Ola), Udmurtia ndi Chuvashia ( Izhevsk ndi Cheboksary, motero). Chigawo cha Volga Federal chili ndi Perm Territory.

The Economy

Chipatala cha Privolzhsky Federal, chomwe chimapanga mizinda yambiri miliyoni ndi madera olemera kwambiri, chimayendetsa njira pakati pa ena a FDs malinga ndi mafakitale, zomwe zimachokera ku Central, kumene Moscow ndi. Makampani akuluakulu ndi zowona, mafuta ndi mphamvu. Atsogoleri m'makampani ndi dera la Kirov, Udmurtia, Chuvashia, Mordovia.

Chigawo chochuluka mu chuma cha chigawo chikukhala ndi ulimi (makamaka ku Tatarstan, Nizhny Novgorod dera, Perm Territory). Makampani opanga malonda ali bwino kwambiri (Mari El, Penza m'dera). Uchuma wa FD, malinga ndi ndalama zambiri, umapanga dera limodzi la okongola kwambiri kwa azimayi.

Mitsinje ndi nyanja

Chigawo cha Volga Federal chili m'mphepete mwa mtsinje waukulu kwambiri ku Ulaya - Volga. Zimayamba ku Valdai ndi mtsinje waung'ono, ndipo zimapita ku Nyanja ya Caspian. Kutalika kwa mtsinjewo ndiposa 3,500 km. Malo amtunda a Mtsinje wa Volga ndi oposa 1.6 miliyoni mamita mita. Km.

M'gawo la Volga Federal pali nyanja zambiri, nkhani yawo imapita kumakumi ambiri. Ambiri mwa iwo ku Tatarstan (pafupifupi zikwi zisanu ndi zitatu), Bashkortostan (pafupifupi 2,000), ku Chuvashia (pafupifupi 750), pafupifupi chikwi - m'dera la Kirov, 689 ili ku Republic of Mari El.

Kazan

Zigawo za District of Volga Federal ndizoyambirira. Kazan ndi imodzi mwa malo akuluakulu oyendera alendo ku Russia, umodzi mwa mizinda yotchuka kwambiri ku Russian Federation padziko lapansi.

Chaka cha maziko a Kazan, malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri ofukula zakale amavomereza - 1005th. Mzindawu unkawoneka ngati linga la Volga Bulgaria. Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mabuku a ku Russia a Kazan amatchulidwa mu 1177. Mzindawu unakhala umodzi wa malonda akuluakulu ndi zandale za Golden Horde. Mu 1438 adalandira udindo wa likulu la Kazan Khanate. Mu 1552, mzindawu unagonjetsedwa ndi ankhondo a Ivan the Terrible ndipo adagonjetsedwa ku Russia. Mu 1708, adakhala likulu la chigawo cha Kazan.

Lero mzinda uwu ndi umodzi wa malo ofunika a chikhalidwe cha Russia. Ndege yapadziko lonse ikugwirizanitsa mzinda ndi malo osiyanasiyana ku Russia ndi kunja. Ku Kazan pali pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya zamtengatenga, kuphatikizapo metro. Mzinda woposa 100 umakhalamo. Zinenero za boma pano ndi Chirasha ndi Chitata.

Kirov

Kirov ndi mzinda wokhala ndi ntchito yaikulu kwambiri yogulitsa zamalonda. Malinga ndi Institute of Systematic Research of Problems of Entrepreneurship, mu 2012 chigawo cha Kirov chinakhala mtsogoleri mu zizindikiro zambiri. Makamaka, dera linatenga malo oyamba pa chiwerengero cha makampani ang'onoang'ono kwa anthu zikwi zana - pafupifupi magawo 220. Chigawo cha Kirov chinatenga malo oyamba pa chiwerengero cha anthu ogwira ntchito m'mabungwe ang'onoang'ono. Makhalidwe a ndalama mumzinda wa mabanki ang'onoang'ono pamudzi pano ndi oposa awiri kuposa oposa onse a ku Russia (ambiri - okhawo m'chigawo cha Penza).

Mzinda wa Kirov uli ndi zaka mazana angapo. Chaka cha maziko ake ndi 1181th. Mpaka mu 1457, ankatchedwa Vyatka, kufikira 1781 - monga Khlynov. Mzindawu unalandira dzina lake lamakono mu 1934. Mu nthawi ya Soviet, Kirov inkaonedwa kuti inali yokhazikika pamtunda chifukwa cha chiwerengero chachikulu cha mabungwe ogonjera omwe ali mmenemo. Tsopano mzindawu ndi wotseguka kwa alendo ochokera ku Russia ndi ochokera kunja.

Nizhny Novgorod

Nizhny Novgorod ndilo mzinda waukulu kwambiri wa Dera la Volga Federal komanso umodzi mwa otchuka kwambiri ku Russia. Iyo inakhazikitsidwa mu 1221 ndi Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich. Dzina lake muyambidwe yoyamba likugwirizanitsidwa ndi malo otsika pafupi ndi Veliky Novgorod, pa yachiwiri - pafupi ndi mzinda wina uli ndi dzina lomwelo, lomwe linali lapamwamba kuposa Volga. M'nthaŵi ya goli la Mongol-Tatar ku Russia, Nizhny Novgorod sanali kudziŵika bwino. Koma atathawa atathamangitsidwa ku dziko la Russia, ilo limayamba kukula, nthawi zambiri limatchulidwa mu annals. Akatswiri ena a mbiriyakale amakhulupirira kuti panthawi yomwe dziko la Nizhny Novgorod linalipo (mu 1341 mpaka 1392), mzindawu ukhoza kulandira udindo wa likulu la Russia, chifukwa unatha kupikisana ndi Moscow ndi Tver. Mu 1612, kuchokera kumpoma wa Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin , gulu lankhondo linayamba kusuntha, lolamulidwa ndi Minin ndi Pozharsky, lomwe linamasula dziko lathu ku Polish-Lithuanian interventionists. Mu 1722, chaka chake makumi asanu ndi anayi ku Nizhny Novgorod chinakondweretsedwa ndi Emperor Peter Woyamba. Kumeneko ankakhala akatswiri achiroma a ku Russia Kulibin, Lobachevsky, Damaskin, mphunzitsi Kuzhelev, katswiri wa mbiri yakale Ilyinsky, amene anali paulendo wotchedwa Baranshchikov. Mzindawu unayendera ndi AS Pushkin. Zojambula zake pazomwe zizindikiro za Nizhny Novgorod, adanena m'machaputala a "Eugene Onegin." Kuchokera m'ma 30s mpaka kugwa kwa USSR, mzindawo unatchulidwa ndi wolemba AM Gorky. Tsopano Nizhny Novgorod ndi imodzi mwa malo ogulitsa mafakitale a ku Russia. Zomwe zakhala zikuchitika mbiri komanso chikhalidwe chawo zimakhala zovomerezeka ndi alendo ndipo ndi kunyada kwa anthu a Nizhny Novgorod okhaokha.

Gulu la Football Football Volzhsky

Chigawo cha Volga Federal, chomwe chimapangidwa ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zachuma kwambiri ku Russia, chidzakondwera ndi World Cup, yomwe idzachitike mu 2018 ku Russia. Mizinda yambiri ya Federal District idzaphatikizana ndi gulu lotchedwa Volga cluster - gulu la midzi yomwe masewera adzamangidwira kuti azitsatira masewerawo.

Mmizinda imeneyi ndi Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Kazan ndi Saransk. Ambiri mwa iwo, njira zothandizira mpira zimangidwanso kuchokera pachiyambi. Mzinda wa Privolzhsky Federal ndi mizinda yake sudzadziwika kokha ku Russia, koma padziko lonse lapansi. Zimakhalabe kuyembekezera kumanga masewera okongola komanso kuyamba masewera.