Ancient boma Midia: likulu, chiwerengero. chilankhulo apakatikati. History of Iran

Apakatikati ufumu, kamodzi anapanga ku mgwirizano mafuko, ali ndi malo apamwamba mu mbiri ndale, chikhalidwe ndi nkhani za chuma masiku amakedzana. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa limati kumene ambiri Chizorowasita ndipo thupi, mwachindunji ndi izo. Izo zinakhala mu nthawi kuchokera 670 BC. e. 550 BC. e., koma pa pachimake izo anatambasula onse kuposa malire ochiritsira mitundu.

malo Hrs

Kamodzi lalikulu dziko wakale kum'maŵa, ukutchulidwa kuti Amedi, tsopano lili kumadzulo kwa malo ethnographic, amene wokwatibwa ndi Iran. Pa mapu a dziko wakale Limafotokoza malo chidwi chimene njanjira kumpoto anali mtsinje Araks ndi Elbrus, ndi West - waukulu forts ano Zagros mapiri. Kum'mwera kwa dziko la Amedi zinali zochepa Nyanja Caspian. East m'gawo imafika mchere chipululu Dasht-e Kavir, tsopano ndi mbali yofunikira ya Iran.

Zikamera wa boma

Kutchula koyamba za Amedi anakumana m'mbiri Asuri theka lachiwiri la m'zaka za m'ma 9. BC. e. M'mabuku ake Herodotus adzaitana mafuko mu Media, Arias. Zikuoneka kuti anali awo lodzipatsa. Malemba a boma lakale la akulankhula za "dziko Aryan."

Pamene mafuko aku Iran ku Central Asia analowa m'dera la Iran ano, izo silidziŵika. Akatswiri a mbiri timakonda ndikukhulupirira kuti izo zinachitika padziko 2000-1500 BC. e. Zikuoneka kuti poyamba mgwirizano mafuko a m'deralo, yoperekedwa kwa mafuko m'deralo. Komabe, kale mu zaka 9-8. BC. e. kusintha kuyamba kulankhula. Anagwirizana ndi kubera mafuko latsopano. Boma la Media mu nthawi imeneyi amakhala ndi intensification a aku Iran olankhula membala amene anadzakhala osakhala.

C 8. BC. e. pa gawo limodzi la Mphamvu za tsogolo mumayamba kumva woyamba mayanjano yaing'ono. Ndi mtundu wa boma dera, Pakati lofunika kwambiri ndi Mans. Kuti tsogolo kukhala malo zachuma ndi chikhalidwe ya Amedi. Motero, pa malo ena m'dera lomwelo panali mabungwe mafuko ndi munda State. Malinga ndi mbiri ya Herodotus, anthu zimawathandiza kuti ali woyambitsa wa boma Midia - ndi Deioces.

Deioces (Dayukku)

Deioces poyamba anali woweruza, ndipo pafupifupi 670 647 zaka. BC. e. Iye anali mfumu yoyamba ya Amedi. Malinga ndi umboni anatsala Herodotus, iye anali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pakati chilungamo chake anzake wolemekezeka natsogozedwa ndi iyo, adzakhala kusankha mkangano m'lingaliro linafalitsidwa kwambiri, pamene kudutsa dziko anali kusayeruzika wathunthu. Ndi chifukwa chake anasankhidwa woweruza. Makhalidwe Deioces ankadziwa mussel lonse, pambuyo pa msonkhano wotsatira, iye anasankhidwa mfumu. Chinthu choyamba chimene anapanga kazembe - ndi ophatikizana mafuko asanu: amatsenga, mabasi, struhatov, arizatnov, budiev ndi paretakenov. Pa malamulo ake, boma wakale anapeza likulu lake mu mawonekedwe a mzinda yatsopano ya Ecbatana.

mafumu wotsatira wa Amedi

Za mafumu ulamuliro wa Amedi olemba wakale tchulani angapo mfundo zotsutsana. Kwa nthawi yaitali dongosolo alimbane pa zolemba za Herodotus, ankaona magwero yodalirika.

• Fravartish kapena Phraortes (za 647-625 BCE ...) - mwana Deioces (mfumu yoyamba), amene analandira mphamvu zake. Kutchuka ndi pankhondo wolamulira, amene anapita kukamenyana ndi Aperezi ndi anawagonjetsa. Popeza nkhondo ina zina, kenako anawonongedwa ndi Asuri.
• Cyaxares, kapena Cyaxares (za 625-585 BCE ...) - molunjika mfumu m'mbuyomu. Ndipo Iye anabweretsa choti asilikali, nagawira izo mwa mitundu ya zida ndi zinthu. Pakuti nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Cyaxares imagwera nkhondo ya Asikuti ndi kampeni wachiwiri kwa Asuri.
• Ishtuvegu kapena Astyages (za 585-550 BCE ...) - mwana wa Cyaxares, ndi akuthungo adzakhala Mediya mfumu. Pamene Midia pambuyo magazi zaka zitatu nkhondo unagonjetsedwa ndi Aperisi.

anthu apakatikati

Panopa, akatswiri a mbiri yakale ndi osakwanira chiwerengero deta ofukula zinthu zakale ndi zina zomwe kufufuza dongosolo chitukuko ndi boma dongosolo la Amedi. Kumbali pofukula, wakhala pang'ono kuphunzira, ndi magwero ambiri (mzinda yachokera) silinakwaniritsidwe zakale. Komabe, pali malangizo amene mu 9-8 zaka. BC. e. Amedi ankakhala demokalase nkhondo. Ndipotu, nthawi ili mukuimira kusintha kwa anthu wosazindikira kapolo oyambirira. Mizati chachikulu cha chuma ndi ulimi ndi ulimi nyama, makamaka kuswana, ndi kukulitsa luso.

Wamphamvu chikoka pa zomwe anthu anali ndi kupambana nkhondo, chifukwa boma wokongola zigawenga. Mussel mu nkhondo yogonjetsa ndi "anansi" Anakumana ndi chitukuko ambiri yakale ya East. Chifukwa, choyamba, mu dera la kumadzulo kwa dziko, kenako kulikonse anayamba kuonjezera chiwerengero cha ukapolo, amene ntchito osati m'nyumba yachifumu, komanso mu zovuta kachisi m'nyumba za amazikonda anthu otchuka. Ndiye, kapena, panali kuchuluka masuku pamutu wa anthu am'deramo ndi monga Motero, antagonisms kuzama kalasi. Uwu unali umodzi mwa zifukwa chifooke boma kugula ake kuti agonjetse maiko oyandikana.

Likulu la dziko la Midia

Likulu la Amedi Ecbatana (tsopano Hamadan) unali m'chigwa cha chonde. Mbiri yakale amati idamangidwa padziko 3000 BC. e., ngakhale kuti magwero Asuri amasonyeza 1100 BC. e. Kuchuluka kwa Ecbatana anali lodziwika bwino. mbiri akale poliby kufotokoza atchula m'bwalo la magawo 7 mu circumference wa citadel ndi momwe kusapezeka mpanda wa mzindawo. zidutswa matabwa onse adamangidwa wa paini ndi mkungudza, mizati, nsanamira ndi kudenga alimbane ndi golide ndi siliva mbale, ndi matabwa denga anapangidwa ndi siliva woyenga bwino. Gold mizati ndipo iwo anali mu kachisi wa Aisne. mzinda wakhala anagonjetsa Aleksandrom Makedonskim.

Anaumba Ecbatana, tsopano Hamadan (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) ndi umodzi wa mizinda yakale osati Iran koma padziko lonse. Iye anakwiya, wazunguliridwa ndi mapiri obiriwira. Kukongola kwa chilengedwe ndi mbiri zaka zakubadwa kukopa alendo ambiri.

Culture Media

M'zaka za m'ma 7. - zoyambirira za 6 m'ma BC. e. boma Midia linali likulu la chikhalidwe aku Iran, chomwe pambuyo anabwereka ndipo anayamba Aperisiya. Amadziwika za izo. Posachedwapa, nzeru okha basi pinakwanisa kupulumusa fano pa anatsalira-reliefs ya Asuri. Deta modzichepetsa analandira chifukwa cha zofukulidwa m'mabwinja kulola kuweruza za zomangamanga a boma wakale. Choncho, akatswiri German zakale anali 70 Km from Hamadan moto kachisi chibwenzi ku m'ma 8. BC. e. Iye ali daimondi mawonekedwe. Mkati, guwa lili msinkhu 1,85 m, wopangidwa mwa magawo anayi ndi kapu.

Akatswiriwo amakhulupirira dziko lapansi lakale, kuti anthu okhala boma wakale, munali mu njira zambiri zofanana ndi Aperisiya, mu Vol. H. Ndipo chikhalidwe cha miyambo. Amuna anavala ndevu zazitali ndi tsitsi. Amedi atavala kabudula ndi nsapato (monga Aperisiya), ndi lalitali lotayirira mkanjo ndi manja lotayirira womangidwa ndi lamba, amene anali wokwera akinak - yochepa lupanga. Asilikali okhala ndi mikondo lalifupi anali ndi nsugwi zishango ataphimbidwa ndi khungu. Amedi anali apakavalo kwambiri. Mfumu kumenyana magaleta, nditaima mu malo a asilikali. Zida, monga ena ambiri anthu aku Iran anali mbale, iwo kuphimba osati okwera komanso mahatchi.

Religion mu Media

N'zovuta kulingalira, koma Media (ano Iran pa mapu a dziko lapansi) ndi ambiri, mmodzi wa zipembedzo zakale - Chizorowasita, ndi Islam m'mayiko amenewa anabwera mochedwa kwambiri. Iwo anachokera mu vumbulutso la mneneri Zarathustra Spitama, chiphunzitso chimene akuyika maziko onse ufulu wosankha munthu wabwino mawu, maganizo ndi zochita. Amaganiza kuti otsiriza Mediya mfumu Astyages Chizorowasita anapeza udindo wa chipembedzo cha boma. Tsopano Yehova waliteteza yekha m'madera ka India, Iran, Azerbaijan ndi Tajikistan.

The mamazelo anali mwambo Ardvisura Anahita - mulungu wamkazi wa kubeleka. Mu mzinda waukulu wa boma kachisi wake.

Language Media

Pakati pa asayansi anapanga maganizo awiri a chinenero Mediya. Ena otsimikiza linakhalapo, ena - kukana pokhulupirira kuti anthu akale analankhula m'zilembo zingapo, zimene zonse pamodzi zimapanga limodzi ndi chinenero Persian - wakale aku Iran. Mfundo mokomera Baibulo wachiwiri ndi pakalibe digiri chofunika zimakhalira pakati pa ana a Amedi: .. Chikudishi, Tat, Talysh, akuba, etc. Koma Mulimonsemo tikhoza kuganiza kuti zinenero zambiri mu Media Ekbatanskogo County chilankhulo. Mwina sankaona kuti kunali boma.

Kumene, anali ndi olembedwa, koma mwatsoka sanapezeke zipilala zake. Onani kuti zakale kulemba imene ankagwiritsa ntchito Aperisiya, ndi kusinthidwa Urartu zakale. Havayo, umakhoza iwo okha kudzera Amedi.

Igwani boma

Pamene boma Midia unatha mu m'ma 550 BC. e.

Apakatikati mfumu Cyaxares pambuyo anamuponya kunja kwa dziko la Asikuti inachita mgwirizano nkhondo ndi Babulo Asuri, amene linasindikizidwa ndi ukwati wa mdzukulu wake ndi mwana wa mkulu Babulo. Mu 613 BC. e. ankhondo a United anadzasokoneza ndipo anagonjetsa Nineve. Ufumu wa Asuri anagwa, wreckage wake unagawidwa pakati ogwirizana ndi. Amedi anapita chakumpoto. Komanso Kupititsa nkhondo inasokoneza linga Union. Motero, mfumu ya ku Babulo anapanga pangano ndi mnyamata, wofuna wolamulira anagonjetsa Perisiya, amene mu 553 BC. e. Iye anawuka kupandukira ulamuliro Mediya. nkhondo chinatenga zaka zitatu. Mfumu ya Amedi, malinga Herodotus, anaperekedwa ndi mkulu wake. Ecbatana anali anagonjetsa, ndi Koresi wa Achaemenid mafumu, anakhala wolamulira wa Perisiya. Anthu Media anapitiriza maudindo ena mu izo, koma nthawi anaukitsa kupandukira msonkho waukulu kwambiri.

Lero sichinayambe anasunga palibe umboni olembedwa a boma analipodi wakale, atazunguliridwa ndi Caspian Nyanja ndi Dasht-e Kavir chipululu, komanso anthu Mediya ndi olamulira ake. Zafukulidwa mizinda mamazelo konse chinachitika, ndipo likulu lake Ecbatana kale m'manda pansi masiku aku Iran Hamadan. Mafotokozedwe a Herodotus chomwecho m'malo osamveka ndipo m'zaka zaposachedwapa asayansi anaika mu funso ndi zambiri.