Anali chotengera waukulu wa uthenga Egypt chiyani? Kulemba ndi chidziwitso cha Aigupto

Kubadwa kwa kulemba Aigupto kumapeto kwa IV Zakachikwi BC. Maziko a amayenera chithunzi kulemba, pamene chinthu chilichonse kapena lingaliro opatsirana kudzera mwa fano. Mapale, amtunduwu mipukutu, thanthwe zolemba - izi ndi chirichonse chimene chakhala chachikulu chonyamulira cha nkhani ku Egypt, ndi Pamlingo yaing'ono wafika masiku athu. Zachilendo chosavuta zojambula asayansi wotchedwa chikhalidwe, ndi palokha kulemba dongosolo otchedwa hieroglyphics. Buku "History of the World Ancient, kalasi 5" mwa ambiri bwanji nkhaniyi chidwi. Pa zikamera kufalitsa kulemba ku Iguputo ndipo zoyesayesa kenako decrypt izo zikunenedwa mu nkhaniyi.

zizindikiro Mulungu

Aiguputo ankakhulupirira kuti aliyense khalidwe - yopatulika monga kulemba anaphunzitsa Egypt wina - mulungu wa nzeru. Kalata yokha ankatchedwa "mduentr" - "Mau a Mulungu". Chithunzi chithunzi cha mawu - chinthu waukulu chonyamulira waukulu wa uthenga Egypt. The hieroglyphs choyamba, asayansi apeza pa makoma a manda, akachisi komanso zipilala pa sarcophagi wa - pa zipilala onse zazikulu, atakumba mwala, omwe yatsikira kwa masiku ano.

Mwa mwezi wa II zikwi BC. Aiguputo ntchito polemba 700 otchulidwa, ngakhale zaka zikwi chiwerengero chawo chawonjezeka mpaka zikwi zingapo. Ambiri a m'nkhaniyi - izo zangokhala fano kusonyeza nzika zawo. Nthawi zina chizindikiro akhoza udindo wa syllable - mu nkhani iyi, ndi liwu limodzi linalembedwa pa kalata Anthu angapo. Aigupto m'nyenyezi osokoneza - kalembedwe chomwecho awerenge zilembo zosiyanasiyana. Phindu la mawu akhoza mwachindunji ndi zojambula wapadera - determiners. Zizindikiro zimenezi osamulozera mawu ndi matanthauzo ake ndi oyengeka bwino. Choncho, zolemba zakale zapita pa kalata mfundo umboni, maganizo ndi zithunzi zimene zingakhale zovuta kufotokoza ayi. Onse amene anali chonyamulira cha nkhani ku Egypt, unyolo yokutidwa chodabwitsa, zilembo zachinsinsi.

Pakalibe mavawelo

Zilembo kaamba syllables zikuonetsa yekha zilembo mu syllable ndi. Za mawu makalata kalata sanali ntchito. Mbali imeneyi ndi khalidwe la zinenero zakale komanso masiku ano - mwachitsanzo, kalata Arabic komanso sakugwiritsa ntchito mavawelo. Choncho, galamafoniyo enieni (kuomba) a mawu komabe kudziwika kwa ife, ndi mawu womwewo Aigupto akhoza kuwerenga zosiyanasiyana galamafoniyo, malingana ndi gwero ntchito.

Kulemba ndi chidziwitso cha Aigupto ankagwiritsa ntchito nthawi ya Ufumu Chatsopano. Kukula kwa malonda, kulimbitsa ndi mphamvu ya boma zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa mtundu watsopano kulemba, imene zizindikiro zosiyana anayamba kulemba pamodzi, ophatikizidwa mu chikhalidwe chimodzi. Kuwerenga ndi kulemba wakhala mosavuta, ndi mitundu yatsopano ya zizindikiro asayansi otchedwa Demonica - kalata dziko.

Kodi kuphunzitsa kulemba

Schools ku Egypt kawirikawiri pa makachisi. akuluakulu anapereka ana ku sukulu mu zaka zisanu kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi. alembi tsogolo unatengedwa kuchokera nyumba mkate ndi chigubu cha vinyo, napita tsiku lililonse kuphunzira mmene ophunzira zamakono zonse.

Choyamba, mwana anaphunzitsidwa kuwerenga ndi kulemba. Papyrus zodula chuma, ndipo sanalole kuti ana asukulu. akuphunzira a Yesu anayesetsa kulemba pa mbale opukutidwa miyala ya laimu alimbane mu chipinda ndipo osiyanasiyana. mbale ankalankhulira zolinga mofanana makope ano sukulu. Pa funso la zimene anali chotengera waukulu wa uthenga Egypt, tikhoza kupereka yankho izi: zonse "kope" amene anapulumuka mpaka lero, amatumikira monga odalirika kudziwa za mlingo wa maphunziro ndi maphunziro m'dzikoli.

Kuwonjezera kuwerenga ndi kulemba, ophunzira afufuza mwatsatanetsatane luso, mbiri, madera, kuwaphunzitsa malamulo a sayansi asilikali ndi luso.

Akamaliza kumene wophunzira wokula Sciences anapereka amtunduwu wapatali. Igupto anali mmodzi wa opanga waukulu wa amtunduwu ku dziko wakale, ndi zikalata zofunika kwambiri anthu a dziko lino anapulumuka mu mipukutu wosalimba. Choncho, ulaliki wa mapepala zinthu izi munthu wofunika wamng'ono zinatanthauza kuti asiya uphungu wake kwa positi ndi okonzeka kuganizira za boma. M'manja mwaluso amtunduwu mlembi yokutidwa ndi mizati hieroglyphs, ndi kukongola lemba kukongoletsa ndi mitundu yowala.

zilembo aiwala

Papita pafupi zaka zikwi ziwiri kuyambira heyday la Egypt. Dziko anabwera pansi pa ulamuliro wa amphamvu Roma. Mfumu Feodosy mochedwa Ine AD atseka akachisi lotsiriza la Osirisi ndi Amon. Aiguputo wachita kale ntchito ndi chinenero m'Chikoputiki, imene kapangidwe kake ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi chilankhulo cha anthu akale, monga ntchito mu kalata kwa makalata Greek. Zonse zomwe zinali chonyamulira waukulu wa uthenga Egypt, zinali zachilendo basi, wakale ndipo palibe rarities chidwi. zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri za ulamuliro wa Agiriki ndi Aroma anali okwanira chikhalidwe kwambiri unatha. Agiriki anali m'chipembedzo Iguputo ndiponso nzeru, koma popanda chidziwitso cha kulemba mfundo imeneyi kunapezeka kuti wopereŵera ndi kungotengeka. Mkhristu wazamulungu Kliment Aleksandriysky ankaona nthawi Aiguputo amatha kuwerenga zilembo anam'patsa Kufotokoza mwa chidule za maonekedwe a kulemba ndi kuwerenga zina mwa zizindikiro, koma sindinadandaule kuti atiuze za maonekedwe a ntchito yawo. Ndi akuchepa zinsinsi za kulemba anayesetsa Iguputo ndiponso anzeru akale ndi nzeru ena Chinese. Ndipo ndi m'zaka za m'ma XIX izo anatha kuchotsa chophimba mwachinsinsi pa chinsinsi cha hieroglyphs.

Rosetta mwala

Pa maulendowa Napoleon wa ku Aigupto, Captain Bouchard apezeka pafupi Rosetta mwala yaing'ono zotsalira za lolembedwa ndi zilankhulo zitatu wakale. Asayansi anazindikira kuti Greek, Roman ndi malemba Aigupto kulankhula oyamikira ansembe, wosindikiza Ptolemy Epiphanes, ndi malemba awa ali kwenikweni wina ndi uthenga womwewo mu zinenero zosiyana. Rosetta Stone wapereka kutsogolera kutanthauzira zolondola kulemba Aigupto ndi French wasayansi, zilankhulo ndi Egyptologist dzina lake Jean Francois Shompolon. ntchito yake lotchedwa "A sewero mwachidule za dongosolo kakale za Aiguputo akale, kapena kuphunzira mfundo za kalata," wafunsira kuli sayansi ya Egyptology.

Pomaliza

Laimu m'mabuku ophunzira amtunduwu boma alembi ndi zolemba pa mwala ndi za nsangalabwi ndi ansembe wokometsedwera akachisi awo, anali maziko kuphunzira Egypt. Egyptology lero - ndi sayansi, amene anapereka mayankho a mafunso ambiri za mabuku, chikhalidwe, ndale ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa Egypt; patsogolo sayansi tanenera m'buku la "History of the World Ancient, kalasi 5". Ana a sukulu za sekondale lero, maphunziro angapo angaphunzire zambiri anthu, limene anazunguzika maganizo kwambiri zakale.