Al-Farabi: yonena. Nzeru ya woganiza kum'mawa

Akatswiri wakale Arab, amene anasiya kwambiri cholowa sayansi ndi kulenga, akulemekezedwa mu dziko masiku ano. Mwina ena a maganizo ndi mfundo ngati lotha lero, koma pa nthawi ina anatumiza anthu ku mbali ya sayansi ndi maphunziro. Mmodzi wa ophunzira awa chachikulu Al-Farabi. yonena ake kunayambira ku mzinda wa Farab (m'dera la masiku ano Kazakhstan) mu 872.

Moyo ndi wamkulu nzeru zapamwamba

Abu Nasr Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Tarhan Ibn Uzlag, odziwika padziko lonse monga Al-Farabi Chikazaki University National, moyo wautali, anasiya ntchito zambiri pa nzeru za anthu, masamu, sayansi, nyimbo ndi sayansi.

M'nthawi wotchedwa kwambiri munthu mphunzitsi chachiwiri, kutanthauza kuti Aristotle anali woyamba. Wambiri Al-Farabi amamuuza kwenikweni, chifukwa moyo wa wasayansi palibe mmodzi anapereka chidwi kwa izi, ndi zodalirika anasonkhana pang'ono pang'ono pambuyo angapo zaka pambuyo pa imfa yake.

Amadziwika:

• Iye anabadwa mu Farab mu 870 (ena amati 872 g). Ndithu mzinda waukulu ili pafupi kumene Syr Darya ndi Arys ogwirizana. Kenako mudziwo anadzatchedwa mu Otrar, ndipo lero mabwinja ake Tingaone kum'mwera kwa Kazakhstan m'boma Otrar.
• Atate nzeru zapamwamba tsogolo ndi katswiri amalemekezedwa mu mtsogoleri lankhondo la banja wakale Turkic.
• Adakali mnyamata, Abu Nasr al-Farabi, amene yonena silinatchulenso zaka wake ali mwana, shied kuchokera zochitika zosangalatsa ndi nthawi yambiri kuphunzira ntchito za Aristotle ndi Plato.
• Pakuti pamene iye ankakhala Bukhara, Samarkand ndi Shash, kumene anaphunzitsidwa ndi ntchito nthawi yomweyo.
• Malizitsani mapangidwe a Al-Farabi (yonena limatiuza za izo mwatsatanetsatane) anagwirizana Baghdad. Pa nthawiyo unali likulu la za Arab Caliphate ndi malo aakulu chikhalidwe ndi sayansi.
• Pa njira Baghdad, wasayansi wamng'ono, amene mlingo wa nzeru pa nthawi angatchedwe mizinda Buku ndipo anapita monga Isfahan, Hamadan ndi Ray (ano Tehran).
• Atafika ku likulu m'chaka 908, Al-Farabi (yonena sapereka deta lachindunji kuposa) akuphunzira mfundo, mankhwala, sayansi, Greek, koma chimodzimodzi zomwe aphunzitsi osadziwika.
• Popeza anakhalako ku Baghdad kwa zaka 932, anazisiya nakhala kale wasayansi wotchuka.

Moyo ku Damasiko ndi kutchuka lonse

Mayendetsedwe anali kutsogolera kwa pofuna kukwaniritsa talente akatswiri asayansi ndi akatswiri a sayansi, koma moyo wake pa nthawi imeneyo pafupifupi kanthu amadziwika.

• Mu 941, nzeru zapamwamba anasamukira ku Damasiko, kumene palibe amene anadziwa chilichonse. Zaka zoyambirira mu mzinda uno anali kovuta chifukwa iye ankayenera kugwira ntchito m'munda, ndipo usiku kulemba Mfundo zake zazikulu.
• Panthawiyo, Abu Nasir Al-Farabi (yonena silimanena masiku enieni) anapita Syria, kumene iye anali woyang'anira wa Sayf al-Dawla Ali Hamdani, amene anathandiza asayansi ambiri ndi ojambula zithunzi za nthawi.
• Amadziwika kuti 949, wasayansi anali mu Igupto.
• Pali awiri Mabaibulo a mmene iye anafa nzeru zapamwamba kwambiri. Ena amati kuti anafa imfa yachibadwa pa zaka 80, ina - Andibera ndi kupha popita ku Askalan.

Chinali moyo wa Abu Nasr al-Farabi, kanthawi yonena zomwe si kudali uthunthu wake wa ukulu wake sitinganene za ntchito yake.

Njira sayansi chiphunzitso

Choncho anakonza maganizo a Al-Farabi (yonena sakunena za izo) kuti akhoza kuphimba mbali zingapo cofufuzila kuphunzira awo ndi chitukuko. Iye analinso kuwadziwa bwino ambiri odziwika bwino pa Ages Middle ndi sayansi mu onsewo anakwanitsa.

ntchito yake inayamba ndi kuphunzira ntchito za anzeru kwambiri Greek. Kupereka ndemanga pa iwo, iye anayesa kuti maganizo awo m'njira yosavuta osiyanasiyana a anthu. Nthawi zina, chifukwa cha ichi iye anali kufotokoza zonse izi mwa mawu anu. njira ina sayansi, ponena Al-Farabi - Khadili Mfundo zazikulu za masiku amakedzana ndi chidule mwatsatanetsatane za nthanoyi. Sipangakhalenso anatsimikiza ndi mipukutu Chiarabu wasayansi kusiya marekodi awo, sipangakhalenso ziri ogaŵikana mitundu itatu:

• Yaitali ndemanga, zomwe zinali zochokera mawu a tchire wakale ndi mudziwe zambiri za zimene wolemba amafuna kunena. Ntchito imeneyi inali ikuchitika ndi mutu uliwonse kapena gawo la ndemanga pa.
• ndemanga Middle, amene anatengedwa yekha mawu oyambirira a pachiyambi, ndi wotsala onse ndi malongosoledwe a Al-Farabi. Wambiri wasayansi si kupereka akamanena za ntchito imeneyi.
• A muyankhe mwachidule angatchedwe ulaliki ntchito wakale m'malo ake. Pankhaniyi, Al-Farabi akhoza kuphatikiza ntchito angapo Aristotle ndi Plato, kusonyeza ophunzira tanthauzo la nzeru zawo.

Phunziro ndemanga pa ntchito izi osati kulimbikitsa iwo mu misa waukulu anthu, koma akuofesiwa amayang'aniranso ndinaganiza katswiri Arab kwa kuganizira zina za mafunso awa aumunthu.

Mphatso za chitukuko cha sayansi

Chifukwa cha Al-Farabi Chikazaki University National wayamba ina yatsopano ya chitukuko cha luso ndi sayansi ya nthawi. Amadziwika ntchito yake amalanga monga maphunziro, nyimbo, masamu, logic, sayansi, philology ndi ena. ntchito ya sayansi lakhudza akatswiri akale monga Ibn Sina, Ibn Baja, Ibn Rushd ndi ena. Panopa pali za 130 ntchito ya sayansi, ndipo iye ndiye ndi bungwe ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa laibulale mu Otrar.

Wambiri ya Al-Farabi Chikazaki University National mu Russian akusonyeza kuti iye anali kuphunzira ndi ndemanga pafupifupi ntchito za Aristotle, komanso anzeru monga Ptolemy ( "Almagest"), Alexander Afrodeziysky ( "Pa Soul") ndi Euclid ( "Masamu)". Ngakhale wakale Mfundo Greek mukopedwe chitukuko cha akatswiri asayansi ndi akatswiri lingaliro la Chikazaki University Al-Farabi National, ambiri ntchito zake - ndi nzeru zake komanso kufufuza nawo ntchitoyo.

Kupeleka nthanthi ya Al-Farabi

Onse ntchito sayansi katswiri Arab akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu ingapo:

• General nthanthi ntchito zimene anathera ndi malamulo a chilengedwe chonse, katundu wawo ndi siyana.
• Zokambirana, amene anachitira ndi mbali ya zochita za anthu ndi njira yodziwira dziko.
• Mfundo za nkhaniyo, kuphunzira katundu, komanso siyana monga nthawi ndi malo. Zikuphatikizapo ntchito Masamu ndi zakuthambo.
• ntchito anasankha (Wambiri Al-Farabi anatchula izo) zoyenera mitundu ndi katundu wa chilengedwe ndi malamulo ake. Izi zikuphatikizapo ntchito pa zochitika za anthu zamoyo, sayansi, umagwirira, mankhwala ndi Optics.
• mwapadera linaperekedwa kwa wasayansi kuphunzira umoyo ndale dongosolo, nkhani ya makhalidwe abwino ndi maphunziro, maphunziro, ulamuliro ndi makhalidwe.

Kwa zaka 80 za moyo wa Al-Farabi wasiya chuma chachikulu chimene chili patsogolo pa nthawi yake zinthu zambiri. Izo sadaleka kukhala zogwirizana ndipo amagwira ntchito mu nthawi yathu.

Maziko a moyo mogwirizana ndi ziphunzitso za Al-Farabi

Wasayansi wamkulu maziko a nzeru zamakono, chimene chirichonse chimene alipo mu dziko lagawidwa magawo 6, yogwirizana ndi abwenzi chifukwa-zotsatira:

• Gawo loyamba - ndi muzu wa maonekedwe a zinthu zonse, chifukwa ndi amene anafuna.
• The chachiwiri - okha maonekedwe.
• Mbali yachitatu - umagwira ndipo m'maganizo chitukuko.
• Chachinayi - moyo.
• Mbali chachisanu - mawonekedwe.
• Chimodzi - kanthu.

Zinthu izi ndi maziko a zonse lozungulira munthu ndi wasayansi ukugawa iwo mu mitundu 2:

• Zinthu ndi zinthu zimene iye amatchedwa "mwina kubweretsa chikhalepo", chifukwa chikhalidwe chawo si nthawi zonse chifukwa cha kufunikira kwake kwa moyo wawo.
• Chachiwiri, m'malo mwake, nthawi zonse kukhala amoyo paokha ndipo amatchedwa "zomuthandiza chikhalepo."

Chimayambitsa onse al-Farabi (lalifupi yonena ndipo ankadziwa ntchito zake akusonyeza izi) anaitanidwa ndi Mulungu, monga iye yekha chibadidwe wholeness ndi wapadera, pamene ena magawo angapo.

Chifukwa chachiwiri - ndi zikamera wa mapulaneti ndi zina zakuthambo, lomwe ndi chikhalidwe chawo ndi chosiyana mitundu lapansi. Chinthu chachitatu cha Al-Farabi anafotokozera za nzeru dziko kuti amasamala za zachilengedwe ndipo amafuna kubweretsa dziko ku ungwiro.

3 magawo ogwirizana ndi dziko lathu, ndi wasayansi wapereka chidwi kwambiri. Iye agawanisambo ntchito za Mulungu ndi zimene zikuchitika m'dzikoli chuma, potero kuchepetsa alowererepo ake mu miyoyo ya anthu, kuwapatsa ufulu wa chifuniro. Iye anali wokhoza kuvomereza mphamvu ya nkhani, kumupatsa Umuyaya.

Ubale wa mawonekedwe ndi nkhani

A zambiri chidwi linaperekedwa kwa ubale maphunziro a mtundu nkhani. Mwachitsanzo, limapereka tanthauzo la mtundu ngati kukhulupirika kwa kapangidwe ndi vuto - monga chofunikira ndi maziko a zinthu zonse. Ndipo Iye ananena kuti mawonekedwe chiyenera kukhala chifukwa cha pamaso pa nkhaniyi ndipo sangakhale kunja kwa thupi. Kanthu, nayenso - ndi gawo lapansi, amene ayenera kudzazidwa ndi okhutira (mawonekedwe). katswiri wamkulu akulembera ku ntchito yake "Pa nkhani ndi mawonekedwe" ndi "Treatise pa malingaliro a mumzindawo wolemekezeka."

mulungu

Ubwenzi ndi Mulungu pa Al-Farabi anali m'malo sayansi kuposa chipembedzo. otsatira ziphunzitso, ndiyeno atsogoleri achipembedzo Arab, nadzinenera kuti iye anali Msilamu weniweni, chtivshim miyambo ya Islam. Koma ntchito za munthu wanzeru kuti anayesa kudziwa Mulungu ndipo musati mwachimbulimbuli mu izo.

Nzosadabwitsa anaphunzira mlingo uwu anaikidwa m'manda popanda nawo atsogoleri mondondozana. N'zosayenera anali Al-Farabi mfundo za kapangidwe ka dziko ndi zinthu zonse.

Chiphunzitso cha abwino mzinda boma

A zambiri chidwi linaperekedwa kwa zinthu sayansi moyo, monga chimwemwe, makhalidwe abwino, nkhondo ndi mfundo za boma. Iwo anapereka ntchito zimenezi:

• "Treatise pa kupeza chisangalalo";
• "Njira Chimwemwe";
• "Treatise pa nkhondo ndi mtendere";
• "Treatise pa malingaliro a mumzindawo zabwino";
• "Ndale Civil";
• "Treatise phunziro la anthu";
• "The makhalidwe abwino."

Iwo onse bwanji zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa zinthu mwankhanza Zapakati, ngati chikondi cha mnzake, chisembwere a nkhondo ndi anthu chilakolako chofuna chimwemwe.

Ngati inu kuphatikiza ntchito zimenezi, n'zotheka kuti ajambule maganizo amenewo pa nzeru za wolemba, anthu ayenera kukhala m'dziko ubwino ndi chilungamo, kufuna kukula mwauzimu ndi maphunziro a sayansi. Iye anabwera ndi mzinda umene kasamalidwe ndi motsogoleredwa ndi anthu anzeru ndi a nzeru zapamwamba ndipo anthu kuchita zabwino ndi kutsutsa zoipa. Koma anthu abwino, wolemba limafotokoza mzinda, kulamulidwa ndi nsanje, kufuna chuma ndi kupanda uzimu. Chifukwa nthawi yake zinali ndithu molimba ndale ndi makhalidwe abwino maganizo.

About nyimbo

Kukhala luso zonse, al-Farabi (yonena za chinenero Chikazaki akutitsimikizira nkhani imeneyi) ndinkachita khama kwambiri nthawi musicology. Choncho, iye anapereka mfundo phokoso nyimbo, kufotokoza chikhalidwe chawo ndipo anaphunzira ena siyana ndi mfundo za chidutswa chirichonse cha nyimbo wamangidwa.

Ndinatuluka kafukufuku ndi kulemba nyimbo kuti mlingo watsopano. Iye anaonetsa anthu ena ndi nyimbo ya East, anasiya mathirakiti "mawu nyimbo" ndi "Pa gulu la mungoli." Mosiyana ndi sukulu ya Pythagoreans, limene kumva anali wofunika kusiyanitsa phokoso, koma makamaka mawerengedwe ndiwo Al-Farabi ankakhulupirira kuti anali wolamulira amalola chimatanthauza phokoso ndi kuphatikiza iwo ugwirizane.

Chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso

Mbali imodzi yofunika ya ntchito za sayansi ndi kufufuza ngati gulu monga mawonekedwe a m'maganizo ndi cognition. Iye ananena kuti, kumene kunali kudziwa za ubale wawo ndi chenicheni cha mmene munthu amaona zenizeni. Mwachitsanzo, chikhalidwe cha Al-Farabi Chikazaki University National unachitikira chinthu phunziro, popeza kudziŵa anthu onse kunja, kuonera dziko akudutsa. Poyerekeza katundu osiyana a zinthu ndi zochitika, kupenda iwo, mmodzi woona luntha.

Umu ndi mmene sayansi kwachititsa anthu kumvetsa bwino m'dzikoli. Akukamba za moyo wa mphamvu ya munthu, ndiye chipangizo cha malingaliro ake, mmene anthu kuzindikira zofukiza, kusiyanitsa mitundu ndi kumva zosiyanasiyana mtima. Izi kwambiri kwambiri ntchito okhutira, kuphatikizapo "pamaziko a nzeru" omwe Mlembi amafufuza siyana monga amakonda ndi zimene sakonda, komanso zimayambitsa awo.

Zomveka ngati mawonekedwe a chidziwitso

Wasayansi tcheru kwambiri kuti sayansi imeneyi ngati maganizo. Iye ankaona kuti ndi chuma chapadera maganizo, pamaso amene anathandiza anthu adzaweruza choonadi ndi kunena izo experimentally. Zomveka Luso Al-Farabi Chikazaki University National - amatha nadzawasankhula konama siyana woona ntchito umboni kuti sanali konse ankaikira mbalume achipembedzo ndi zikhulupiriro.

Asayansi East ndi maiko ena anathandiza ntchito yake "Mau oyamba Zomveka" ndi "koyambirira Treatise pa mfundo." Zomveka - ndi chida chimene anthu angathe kukhala ndi chidziwitso cha chowonadi. Chotero wasayansi wamkulu.

The pokumbukira wasayansi wamkulu

Masiku ano, osati Arabic, komanso lonse sayansi dziko amalemekeza kukumbukira munthu wamkulu uyu. Mwachitsanzo, pali Al-Farabi Chikazaki yonena Yoswa kuti m'misewu ya m'mizinda ndi mayunivesite amapatsidwa maina. Mu Almaty, Turkestan ndi zipilala, ndipo mu 1975 anali kukumbukira zinthu zikuluzikulu 1100 wazaka lokumbukira Al-Farabi anabadwa. Wambiri (kazaksha) Kodi kachilombo ukulu wonse wa munthu wa nzeru.