Zozizwa: The yowunikira wa Alexandria

Cimodzi za zozizwa zisanu ndi ziwiri za dziko ndi yowunikira wa Alexandria - dongosolo, anamanga pachilumba cha Pharos mu zaka za zana lachitatu BC. Kumanga ili pafupi wotchuka mzinda Aigupto Alexandria, Pankhani imeneyi, nampatsa dzina. Njira ina mwina mawu akuti "Farossky chabwino" - dzina la chilumba lomwe lili.

tsogolo

Ndikudabwa woyamba wa Dziko - yowunikira wa Alexandria - unali ithandiza amalinyero asokera pofuna afike kumtunda, kuswa miyala bwinobwino. Usiku, njira anayatsa moto matabwa chizindikiro kuwala tikutuluka moto waukulu, ndipo masana - plumes utsi wochokera moto, yomwe ili pamwamba pa nsanja m'madzi. Yowunikira wa Alexandria anatumikira Yehova mokhulupirika kwa pafupifupi zaka chikwi, koma anazunzidwa kwambiri kuonongeka ndi chivomezi mu 796 BC. Pambuyo chivomezi ichi konse olembedwa asanu zivomezi zina zamphamvu kwambiri ndi yokhalitsa kuti anafika pansi ntchito zazikulu za manja a anthu. Ndithudi, iye sanali mongoyesa kuti angakwanitse, koma ziwembu zonse kuti zinangowonjezera zotsala za izo linga yaing'ono anamanga Sultan Qaitbay m'zaka 15. Ndi mphamvu iyi ndi masiku ano. Iwo - onse amene amakhalabe cha chilengedwe ichi zazikulu anthu.

nkhani

Tiyeni tifufuze mbiri ndi kupeza bwino anamanga zodabwitsa za dziko, chifukwa kwenikweni yosangalatsa ndi chidwi. Kodi zinthu zambiri zachitika, ena mbali ya zomangamanga ndi cholinga chake - izi zonse ife angakuuzeni pansipa, musakhale aulesi tingowerenga.

Ali yowunikira wa Alexandria

yowunikira inamangidwa pa chisumbu chaching'ono chotchedwa Pharos, limene lili mu mphepete Alexandria ku Mediterranean. Mbiri yonse ya nyumba iyi poyamba anali kugwirizana ndi dzina la mgonjetsi Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Iye ndi mlengi wa chodabwitsa woyamba wa dziko - zinthu chomwe chili onse a anthu. Nanga pa chilumba chimenechi, dzina lake Aleksandr Veliky anaganiza kukhazikitsa doko zikuluzikulu, zimene iye anachita mu 332 BC, pa ulendo wake wopita ku Iguputo. Kumangidwa walandira mayina awiri: woyamba - polemekeza amene abverana kuti amange, ndipo chachiwiri - pambuyo dzina la chilumba lomwe lili. Kuwonjezera amenewa odziwika yowunikira Mgonjetsi abverana kuti amange ngakhale mzinda chomwecho - limodzi mwa madoko akuluakulu mu Mediterranean. Tikumbukenso kuti moyo wake wonse, Alexander Wamkulu anamanga pafupi khumi ndondomeko amatchedwa "Alexandria" koma ichi chakhala mbiri ndipo amadziwika lero. Mu malo oyamba linamangidwa mzinda, ndipo patapita kukopa chachikulu. Poyamba, yomanga nyumba ayenera tapita zaka 20, koma apo icho chinali. Dongosolo lonse anatenga zaka 5 zokha, koma ngakhale izi, nyumbayi waona dziko yekha mu 283 BC, atamwalira Aleksandra Makedonskogo - m'nthawi ya Ptolemy II, boma - mfumu ya Iguputo.

yomanga Features

Dzina lake Aleksandr Makedonsky anatsimikiza mosamala kwambiri kufikako nkhani ya yomanga. Monga tanenera mu mabuku ena amanena, kuposa zaka ziwiri anasankha malo kumangira doko. Mgonjetsi sanafune kuti alenge Mzinda mu ankadziwana mtsinje wa Nile, zomwe anapeza m'malo abwino kwambiri. Yomanga malo a anamanga mailosi makumi awiri kum'mwera, pafupi ndi adzauma m'nyanja Mareotis. Poyamba, panali nsanja Rakotis mzinda Aigupto, womwe ntchito aang'ono lonse yomanga ndondomeko. phindu lonse la malo chinali doko anakhoza kutenga chiwiya kuchokera ku nyanja ya Mediterranean ku Mtsinje Nile, amene anali opindulitsa kwambiri ndi diplomatically. Zimenezi adakula phindu la anagonjetsedwa, koma anathandizanso ndi otsatira ake kumanga ubale wamphamvu ndi amalonda ndi amalinyero amuna panthawiyo. City anatha kulenga pa moyo wa Macedon, koma yowunikira wa Alexandria unali chitukuko loyamba la Ptolemy Soter. Iye ndiye anali woyengedwa kapangidwe ndi kuzigwiritsa ntchito pamoyo.

Yowunikira wa Alexandria. chithunzi

Kuyang'ana fano, ife tikhoza kuwona kuti chabwino tichipeza "zigawo" zingapo. Zitatu zazikulu nsangalabwi nsanja kuima pa maziko a midadada yaikulu mwala, masekeli matani mazana angapo zikwi. Nsanja yoyamba chooneka ngati rectangle yaikulu. Mkati pali zipinda anafuna kuti asilikali nyumba ndi ntchito doko. Top anali zochepa octagonal nsanja. Mwauzimu limbikitsa ndi kusintha kwa chapamwamba cylindrical nsanja, mkati limene linaikidwa moto waukulu, amene anali ngati kuwala gwero. Dongosolo lonse yolemera matani mamiliyoni angapo, kupatulapo zokongoletsa ndi zipangizo mkati. Chifukwa cha ichi, nthaka wayamba kumira, kuchititsa mavuto aakulu ndi chofunika malinga zina ndi kumanga.

Yambani moto

Ngakhale kuti Pharos nyumba ina inamangidwa 285 - 283 zaka BC, anayamba ntchito kokha pa chiyambi cha BC atumwi. Zinali ndiye kuti dongosolo lonse la magetsi mbendera anayamba kupanga ndi ntchito kupyolera chimbale akuluakulu amkuwa, kutsogolera kuwala nyanja. Limodzi ndi zikuchokera izi kupangidwa onga, omwe amamasula ndalama yaikulu ya utsi - njira mwachindunji njira masana.

Kutalika ndi mtunda wa kuwala kucheza

Cacikulu kutalika Alexandria yowunikira - kuchokera mamita 120 mpaka 140 (kusiyana kwa kutalika masiyanidwe pansi). Zikomo kuti dongosolo limeneli kuwala kwa moto chinaoneka pa mtunda wa makilomita 60 mu nyengo yowala (pali umboni wosonyeza kuti kuwala bata unali kuoneka ngati makilomita 100 kapena kuposa) ndi kuti makilomita 45-50 pa thunderstorms. Malangizo a kunyezimira zinachitika chifukwa yomanga wapadera mizere angapo. Mndandanda woyamba anali prism anayi amaganiza, amene kutalika ukufika mamita 60-65, ndi patsinde lalikulu mamita lalikulu 900. Apa, sitolo kufufuza, ndi zonse muyenera mafuta ndi kukhala "wosatha" moto. Maziko gawo pakati anatumikira lalikulu lathyathyathya chivindikiro amene ngodya anali chokongoletsedwa ziboliboli lalikulu Triton. chipinda chino chinali nsanja octagonal nsangalabwi zoyera mu msinkhu wa mamita 40. Gawo lachitatu la nyumba wamangidwa kwa mizati eyiti, pamwamba pa iwo ndi mzikiti waukulu, umene chokongoletsedwa ndi lalikulu eyiti mita fano la Poseidon zamkuwa. dzina lina fanolo - Zeus Mpulumutsi.

"Wamuyaya lawi"

Kukhalabe moto zovuta ntchito. Daily chofunika matani zambiri za mafuta moto ikhoza kupsa ndi mphamvu zofunika. Wood, amene ndi zinthu zazikulu, atawalankhula ngolo mwapadera pamodzi limbikitsa mwauzimu. Ngolo kulowetsa nyulu, amene adatenga oposa zana wina kuwuka. Kuyatsa moto kufalitsa kutali zedi, lawi pa phazi la pagawo lililonse makamaka, kuikidwa mapepala zikuluzikulu zamkuwa, chimene, ndi kutsogolera kuwala.

malo zina

Malinga ndi ena mipukutu ndi kusunga chikalatacho, ndi yowunikira wa Alexandria anatumikira osati monga gwero kuwala kwa oyendetsa ochimwawo. Asilikali iwo unadzakhala zi- positi kwa asayansi - ndi Observatory zakuthambo. Nkhani kuti panali zambiri zida chidwi kwambiri luso - maola mosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe onse, vane, komanso ambiri m'mayiko ambirimbiri ndiponso zakuthambo zida. magwero ena akusonyeza pamaso pa laibulale yaikulu ndi masukulu, ndi gulu la amalanga chachikulu, koma alibe umboni uliwonse yokulirapo.

imfa

Chabwino imfa zinachitika chifukwa chakuti chiwerengero cha zivomezi zamphamvu, komanso chifukwa chakuti Bay ali pafupi kutha kwa ntchito, chifukwa kwambiri silted mmwamba. Kamodzi doko wakhala osayenera ntchito, mbale mkuwa, imene kuwala imatsogoleredwa m'nyanja kusungunuka mu ndalama ndi zodzikongoletsera. Koma izi sizinali mapeto. Complete imfa chabwino kunachitika m'zaka 15, inali imodzi mwa zivomezi zamphamvu kwambiri kuposa chinachitika kwa nyanja ya Mediterranean. Pambuyo pake, zotsalira anabwezeretsedwa kangapo natumikira monga malo otetezedwa bwino, komanso nyumba kwa anthu ochepa a pachilumbachi.

Masiku ano

Pakali pano, Pharos yowunikira, amene zithunzi akhoza kukhala zosavuta kupeza, ndi wina wa zipilala ochepa a mbiri zomangamanga, ndipo anataya nthawi. Zimenezi akadali chidwi asayansi ndi anthu wamba, amene mukufuna zaka zakubadwa zinthu, chifukwa limakhudza kwambiri zochitika, ntchito mabuku ndi asayansi atulukira kuti ndi zofunika kuti chitukuko dziko. Mwatsoka, zambiri zotsala za 7 zodabwitsa kwambiri. Yowunikira wa Alexandria, kapena gawo m'malo chokha cha izo, ndi imodzi mwa nyumba zimenezo zimene ayenera kunyadira anthu. Komabe, zonse zotsala za - izo chabe gawo m'munsi, amene anali ngati nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndi malo okhala kwa asilikali ndi anthu ogwira ntchito. Chifukwa cha kukonza ambiri dongosolo la silinawonongedwe kwathunthu. remade wake mu chinachake ngati yaing'ono Nyumbayi yotchedwa, amene anakhala anthu otsala a pachilumbachi. Izi ndi zimene mukhoza kuona mwa kuchezera chilumba cha Pharos, umene uli wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa malo. Pambuyo wathunthu yomanga ndi kukongoletsa nyumba ali ndi maonekedwe ano, kupanga dongosolo zamakono ndi mbiri yaitali.

zolinga zina

Yowunikira wa Alexandria ndi imodzi mwa malo otetezedwa ndi UNESCO. Chifukwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana anakonza kuti apulumutse kulinga ku chiwonongeko pachaka. Panali nthawi imene akunena za mmene kuyambiranso kwathunthu mawonekedwe ake m'mbuyomu, koma sanachite kuyambira pamenepo kwa nyumba anataya udindo wake monga cimodzi za zozizwa za mdziko. Koma kuona kuti tiyenera inu muli kwenikweni chidwi ndi mbiri.