Zolembedwa m'mbiri gwero. Mitundu ya magwero a m'mbiri

wazambiriyakale kawirikawiri amakhala kuthana ndi zochitika za m'mbuyomu, chifukwa kuti n'zotheka chidwi mwachindunji kumene awo alibe. Komabe, kafukufuku ayenera kuti azitsatiridwa moyenera komanso mopanda tsankho, popanda njira osadziwika kuti ziyenera awo. Pofuna kukwaniritsa zimenezi kokha chizathandiza ntchito mosamala magwero mbiri.

mwachidule

Adakali ophunzira sukulu kutenga ena amanena mbiri (kalasi 5). Pogwiritsa ntchito, ana kwa ena mfundo koyamba pankhaniyo. Kuphunzira magwero a mbiri yakale, sikumangotanthauza kudziwana iwo. Pa ndondomeko maphunziro, ana asukulu kuti asa-, kufananiza analandira kuchokera olemba osiyana.

terminology

Malinga Klyuchevskoy magwero mbiri kuimira gulu yeniyeni ya zipilala. Amaonetsa moyo zinatha ndi magulu lonse, ndi anthu. Chifukwa zambiri kapena zimene wodzilemekeza ndi mbiri. magwero mbiri akhoza kusonyeza momwe ndondomeko ya mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha anthu a. Malinga ndi tanthawuzo, amene amapereka Tikhomirov, tikhoza kunena kuti anapulumuka m'njira zambiri wina ndi zotsalira za moyo m'mbuyomu. Malinga ndi mmodzi mwa kutanthauzira sayansi magwero m'mbiri zimenezi zili ndi mfundo za zochitika zenizeni m'moyo anthu ndi zochita za anthu amene anachitika m'zaka za m'mbuyomo. Yonseyi matanthauzo awa, inu mukhoza kutenga lingaliro ambiri. Russian magwero zakale zinthu chikhalidwe ndi zikalata kuwalitsa mwachindunji njira zakale. Iwo analemba chochitika chinachitika zinthu zina. Ndiyeno ganizirani zimene muli akasupe mbiri.

mitundu

Kuphunzira magwero mbiri ikuchitika mu chimango cha sayansi wapadera. Mwambo komanso kufufuza njira kupeza iwo, limapereka kafukufuku wa. sayansi limeneli limatchedwa "Kuwerengera". Mkati chilango chionekera magulu angapo kufufuza zambiri. Zotsatirazi mitundu ya magwero mbiri:

• Ethnographic.
• Phonons ndi zithunzi.
• Real.
• Kulemba.

Izi ndi zofunika zopangira mbiri. Iwo akuyimira zochitika kwambiri lomwenso zakale. Ndikuyankhula zomwe magwero a mbiri yakale, ayenera otchulidwa za yofanana chabwino ndi khalidwe.

zinthu zenizeni

Pamwamba kunali gulu la magwero mbiri. Malinga zomwe gulu item makamaka amusankha ndi njira kafukufuku wake. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito ndi mbiri magwero a weniweni mtundu ikuchitika mu chimango cha sayansi ya zinthu zakale zokumba pansi. Kwa gulu ili ndi zinthu zonse zakale, ziwiya, katundu wa m'nyumba, ntchito zamanja, zipangizo, zovala, zibangili, chuma, maliro, ndalama ndi zina zotero. Izo ziyenera adatinso kuti ikufotokoza linanso lofotokoza zina mwa zinthu zakale. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka monga zithunzi ndi zikalata mwachizolowezi. Analysis magwero mbiri amalola kuti kubwezeretsa kapena nthawi ina ya anthu. Kufufuza nkhani, akatswiri angakwanitse umoyo ndi zachuma chitukuko cha anthu.

Zolembedwa gwero mbiri

gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo zolembalemba zipilala nyengo makamaka. Mwachitsanzo, Birch khungwa. Mwa zikalata opezeka Smolensk, Nizhny Novgorod, Pskov ndiponso mizinda ina pali makalata ochokera chikhalidwe utsogoleri wa ambuye ang'onoang'ono kwa anthu yozungulira ntchito kwa alimi, malipoti lolembedwa ndi mutu mudzi katapira ndi nkhani zachuma, drafts wa akalola. Komanso amapezeka pakati pa mapepala pali nsanamira za okhutira zankhondo ndiponso zandale, chokhala m'dzikolo, kokoka wophunzira.

Imodzi mwa zikalata zikuluzikulu za m'mbuyomu

Gulu pamwamba magwero mbiri amati adzakhala chifere. Aliyense gulu ali subgroups ake. Choncho, magwero kuti zolembedwazo zikuphatikizapo osati birch makungwa, komanso mbiri. iwowa ndi chimodzi cha zida zikuluzikulu za m'mbuyomu. Poganizira zolembedwa gwero mbiri, ziyenera kuti unakhalabe zambiri zokhudza za moyo wa anthu a zaka mazana angapo kumbuyoku. Ntchito dongosolo lemba akuimira mu mawonekedwe a ulaliki wa zochitika pa zaka.

Kulemba Russia anali yoyamba zikhulupiriro zongomva pakamwa. Zinali udindo woteteza anthu mwachindunji. Olemba mbiri choyamba, amene anaonekera mu Russia, anali wakwanitsa kusonkhanitsa mfundo za mazana angapo zapitazi. Chifukwa, iwo kulengedwanso limafotokozera wakale zochitika. Old Russian gwero mbiri lili zokhudza msonkhano, zochokera m'mizinda mapangano. Ntchito ndi makhalidwe enieni a akalonga, amakamba za masasa mafuko. Knowledge chinaperekedwa pansi ku mibadwomibadwo. Kudzera kusanthula magwero mbiri ofufuza anapeza kuti onse mfundo olemba n'kutunga folklore. Ndipo zimenezi n'zomveka. Nthano, nyimbo, nthano, nthano ndinu wamkulu osalembedwa mbiri ya Russia wakale.

Old Russian mbiri monga gwero mbiri

The zikalata zomwe zilipo anasunga mabwinja zambiri za nkhani, nyimbo ndi nthano. Pogwiritsa ntchito, alembi a Russia akale chifukwa chosowa mbiri yake ya chuma lapansi. Ndicho folklore wakhala m'munsi m'mbiri ayambe zinachitika kale. Ntchito ndi m'kamwa inkakhala chikumbumtima cha anthu, analola kukula ndi kukhala mbiri. Century, mwachindunji pafupi ntchito ya olemba loyamba IX ndi X zaka zambiri, ndakupatsani zinthu zambiri, anaitenga ku nthano osati m'mbuyomu.

Knowledgebase

N'zosavuta kusiyanitsa mitundu ikuluikulu ya mankhwala, amene ntchito pokonza kufotokoza nyengo. Imodzi yofunika kwambiri anali nthano zambiri. ntchito zimenezi n'zogwirizana ndi kumizinda, kumidzi, manda, timapepala Zafalikira mpaka pa zigwa Russian. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kukumbukira kuti kale kwambiri chokhudzana ndi Chikristu chisanayambe, achikunja mpatuko wa makolo. Komabe, pafupi nthawi ya moyo olemba okha, ndi bwino kunachokera mbiri yakale ndi bwino chionekera chidwi m'mbuyomu a dziko. Ubongo wa anthu pa nthawi yomweyo amakhala kwambiri ndi anadzetsa chimango kuchuluka.

ntchito fomu

Mtundu ndi chikhalidwe cha arches, amene ayenera kusonyeza zolembedwa gwero, anali ndi makhalidwe yake. arches mawonekedwe, makamaka, wakhala akugwira ntchito ndi chidziwitso cha olemba a. ntchito Medieval analemba makamaka kusunga malemba a pachiyambi monga m'munsi chikalata watsopano. Owerenga chidwi nthawi imeneyo sanatero chithunzi Kuzindikira, ndipo zimenezi yokha. Iwo anakopeka ndi dzina chochitika ndi mbiri zopelekedwa. Pa nthawi yomweyo owerenga zambiri kolakwika chenicheni nkhani ya zozizwitsa, zochitika, zizindikiro ndi zinthu zina zochitika.

mbali ulaliki

Old Russian mbiri yakale anapereka malemba latsopano choyambirira pa zochitika chi kwa iwo. Nkhani anapita pa zochitika zimene wolemba anali mboni. Zokambirana mowirikiza wodzilemekeza, lemba limodzi ndi zolemba zatsopano. Mpaka m'zaka XVI, nkhani inalibe nthawi wathunthu - zinatha mpaka nthawi imene iye ankakhala mbiri. Aliyense wolemba ayesera kubweretsa mankhwala kuti "kazembe wa ichi." Makaseti komaliza inkakhala chuma chofunika kwambiri. Mu wolemba sanali kulemba mfundo ntchito yapita ndi kupereka maganizo awo. N'chifukwa chake zolembedwa gwero mbiri kwenikweni ali isanatsilizidwe. Mapeto a mankhwala wakhala mtundu wa chisawawa, moti zinkamveka bwino mu nthawi ino. Kupitiriza kwa nkhaniyi, "chifukwa cha moyo" akhoza limanenedwa ngati mtundu wa kuzindikira kuti andithandiza pa mawonekedwe a arches lapansi. kusintha kwa kale mpaka lero ndi mix akale wapatali zopelekedwa zakuthupi ndi zolemba zatsopano zochitika za olemba ano.

Drafting mafotokozedwe

Olemba kupanga ntchito kuti akusamalira makamaka za kupanga ntchito za akapolo anzawo akale anagwa m'manja mwawo. Ofunika kwa iwo, ndipo anali zosiyanasiyana mbiri yakale. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka monga zilembo zosiyanasiyana wamfuna akalonga, moyo woyera mtima, nkhani zambiri. Kenako nkhanizo zonse zilipo wakhala anasonkhana, zina, yosiyanasiyana ndi ambiri, ndi zina zidutswa ziwiri kapena zitatu, wolemba anali nyengo kulongosola. Annals chokhudzana ndi chaka chaka. wolemba amapewa kubwereza. Iye anali ulaliki pofika chaka cha m'dziko, moyo wa woyera - pa tsiku la imfa yake. Zinthu zikhoza kukhala buku mbiri, zosangalatsa zaka zingapo. Pankhaniyi, wolemba ukugawa mu nthawi kuika aliyense pa chaka ena. yomanga Zimenezi zathandiza kusintha kwa mbiri anafotokoza chaka.

Ntchito imeneyi sitinganene kuti makina. Mlembi, zina, anali kulankhula kuthetsa kusemphana, kuchita zovuta kwambiri kuchuluka cofufuzila Kusinthaku yeniyeni ya zaka zambiri. Mbiri akhoza kudumpha Mulimonse, zochokera Mwachitsanzo, maganizo awo a ndale, kapena kupanga kusankha nkhani. Mu ntchito zina mungapeze ndemanga ya Paulo mwachidule za woyambitsa wa. Koma nthawi yomweyo wolemba si kuyambitsa chilichonse chatsopano. Akamaliza wa mbiri svodchika anayamba kufotokoza zochitika za tsiku lake.

ntchito kalasi kupenta

Zolembedwa m'mbiri gwero - si ya nkhani zakale. Mu ntchito ndipo zosiyanasiyana mfundo anali akusonyeza. Kuyambira pachiyambi linakhalapo, m'mbiri ya kalasi analandira ochekenera a za ena. Inali ntchito ngati chipilala. chikalata anakopeka mu strata apamwamba akale, makamaka pafupi kwa kalonga. Pa nkhani imeneyi, ziwerengero chapakati ntchito kukhala ang'onoang'ono ambuye mabishopu ndiponso akalonga. Mbiri ya nthawi zonse potembenukiranso pang'ono dziko chapamwamba.

mafotokozedwe Laurentian

nkhani imeneyi ndi pachibwenzi 1377 chaka. Mu kaundula wa Chimonko, anapezeka Lawrence ndi ena olemba ena. Ntchito zikufotokozedwa mu mawonekedwe a mipukutu zikopa. Lili buku la Code cha 1305. Motsogozedwa ndi gulu la Chimonko okopera mu 1377 anali ntchitoyi malangizo a Prince wotchedwa Dmitry (Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod). Imayamba ndi lemba la "The nthano ya makedzana Zaka" ndipo Ndakwaniritsa pa chaka 1305. Mu mankhwala palibe zochitika zina zaka. Ya 1305 mfundo zokhudza zimene zinachitika panthawi imene kalonga wamkulu wa Vladimir anali Michael Yaroslavovich. Bukuli lili pa nkhani mu 1281, anaonjezera mu 1282-m. Laurentian Chronicle linapangidwa mu za Annunciation amonke Nizhny Novgorod kapena Vladimir Khirisimasi akubwera. Mu 1792 utapezeka mwa AI Musin-Pushkin ndipo kenako anapereka kwa Alexander Wamkulu. Kenako, mpukutu wa anaperekedwa kwa Library Public (tsopano Saltykov-Shchedrin). Apo iye anali lero.

Ipatyevsky m'chipinda chotetezeka

pamanja Izi ankaona chipilala wamkulu, imodzi mwa ntchito oyambirira a amafotokoza nkhani. Dzina la m'chipinda chotetezeka anali pa malo mndandanda mu Kostroma mu Ipatiev obisika. Monga mbali ya mpukutu zigawo zitatu. Choyamba ndi "nthano ya makedzana Zaka", wachiwiri - Kiev amafotokoza za cha m'ma XII, ndi wachitatu lili makamaka Chigalashiya-Volyn Nkhani. Ipatyevsky Chipilala imatengedwa ntchito zofunikira kwambiri zomwe za zochitika anasonkhana mu gawo kum'mwera chakumadzulo cha mapeto a XIII m'ma dziko. Chinthu chapadera cha amafotokoza ndi kalembedwe wakudziko nkhani zina. Kwa ambiri Chigalashiya-Volyn nkhani yodziwika ndi chinenero owala, wophiphiritsa, chifukwa chimene Chipilala akhoza anamuukitsa kwa mlingo wa ntchito ndakatulo.

Novgorod Ine nthano

nkhani imeneyi akuti ndi gwero lofunika kwambiri, limafotokoza nkhani za mbiri za ndale komanso a Russian ndipo, makamaka a Novgorod 11-17 zaka TH. thupi ili kwakhudza nkhani zonse Russian ya theka lachiwiri la XV ndi XVI zaka. Ambiri, ntchito izo zinawonetsera malingaliro a kalasi chigamulo cha anthu. Komabe Novgorod olemba zambiri anaima kumbali ya anthu ntchito. A nthawi chidwi kwambiri kujambula kupanga limodzi Russian State. Iwo amakulolani yothandiza ndi kulongosola nkhani, Tver, Moscow ndi olemba ena. Novgorodskie Nkhani m'mabuku conventionally anatchulidwa manambala asanu. Mbali wamkulu imatengedwa kukhala woyamba akonzedwa. Iwo limafotokoza zochitika anabweretsa kwa mmasate cha m'ma 14. Monga mbali ya Chipilala alipo "Russian Choonadi" mu Baibulo lalifupi, ndi kusonkhanitsa malamulo, womwenso zipilala angapo malamulo. The Nkhani ambiri tapeza zolembedwa kwa wachiwiri khumi XII atumwi. mtengo Novgorod Ndakupatsani anafotokoza mu Shakhmatova ntchito. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti ntchito oyambirira zinaonetsera ndi ya kumapeto koyamba kwa zaka za m'ma XI. Iye yoyamba ya "nthano ya makedzana Zaka".

kutanthauza anawasema

Tikumbukenso kuti pa nthawi ino sasiya Nkhani lake mbiri ndi nkhani, komanso tanthauzo maphunziro. Anawasema kupitiriza kuphunzitsa amalemekeza kwambiri m'mbuyomu ulemerero wa anthu. Annals a masiku ano umalimbikitsa maphunziro kukonda dziko lako maganizo mfulu.

zikalata zina

Poganizira Russian magwero a mbiri yakale, sitinganene za chokumbukira alendo, amene anali kupita pa nthaka dziko. Tikumbukenso kuti choyamba ndi chokha n'chimene ntchito sayansi Kliuchevskoi anakhala PhD nkhani yolembedwa pa nkhani ya alendo Muscovy. Ntchito imeneyi inafalitsidwa monga monograph a. Mwa zolembedwa m'mabuku mbiri ayenera Akunenanso malamulo zikalata boma, kufufuza azamalamulo ndi zipangizo zowerengera, mapangano lonse. mfundo zofunika kwambiri zokhudza zomwe zinachitika kale, ofufuza mwaphunzira maimelo payekha, zolemba. Nthawi ina gulu magwero olembedwa anayamba kulowa zolemba zasedaniyay akuluakulu mkulu wa zipani zandale ndi kayendedwe chikhalidwe, timabuku, mapulogalamu, Maulendo, timabuku, periodicals (manyuzipepala ndi magazini) ndi zikalata zina.

Cholinga deta kuphunzira

Assembly of buku lalikulu zolembedwa pa ntchito za mabungwe oyang'anira tauni ndi boma ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana chikhalidwe ndi anthu anaikira mu yachokera kwa. Anapereka kupeza, kusunga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zina mwa mfundo. Zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito magwero mbiri amalola ofufuza m'maulendo ake zochitika za kale bwinobwino ngati nkotheka.

Manda a chikhalidwe auzimu ndiponso akuthupi

magwero Ethnographic mbali zina za chikhalidwe moyo tsiku ndi tsiku ndi osauka a anthu. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo, makamaka zipangizo, zida, zida ulimi, mbiya, ziwiya, nyumba, katundu ndi zipangizo za izo, chakudya, zidole wowerengeka. Iwo mulinso outbuildings, zovala ndi nsalu, kuphatikizapo zovala dziko, yokongola, nsalu ndi zina zotero. Mu gulu la magwero ethnographic mulinso chodabwitsa cha moyo wa anthu wauzimu. Zikuphatikizapo banja ndi kalendala miyambo, miyambo ndi zikhulupiriro wowerengeka, nthano Mitundu ndi mitundu ya dziko nyimbo, kuvina, miyambi, nkhani, nthano, zinsinsi, conspiracies ndi nthano.

zipilala ena a m'mbuyomu

Pakuti magwero zithunzi ndi anthu kapena ntchito zina luso, kuphatikizapo ziboliboli, zinthu payekha ndi kusonkhanitsa zojambula, chosema, zithunzi. Gulu kumaphatikizapo magwero a miyambo khalidwe (ankhondo, ntchito, maholide, etc.), mafashoni, miyambo, zinthu kutchuka.

njira zatsopano Kulemba

Izi njira kusonkhanitsa ndi kusunga analandira mwachilungamo ambiri. njira zatsopano anatuluka chifukwa cha anapeza sayansi, zaumisiri, zoyambitsidwa za maphunziro osiyanasiyana. Izi magwero zopelekedwa monga Mwachitsanzo, filimu, wailesi ndi zipangizo Zithunzi. Chotero zosonkhanitsira deta njira amatchedwa audiovisual. Iwo ali mudziwe chimene chili chofunika kubereka zipangizo zoyenerera. Childs, zinthu zimenezi amaonedwa comprehensively. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti iwo ndi ofanana kwambiri njira ndi kusewera chilengedwe, chikhalidwe cha njira zambiri kabisidwe ndi gulu la yosungirako awo. Panopa ambiri film, chithunzi, video ndi phokoso zojambulidwa munali ofalitsa yadigito. Izi zipangitsa chitetezo deta ndi luso logwiritsa ntchito iwo kafukufuku nthawi zambiri ndi akatswiri osiyanasiyana.