Zitsulo chofewetsetsa mu dziko

Zitsulo - mtundu zipangizo ntchito mwa munthu kuchokera kalelo. Gulu la zinthu achuluka kwambiri, koma iwo onse ali ofanana maonekedwe amene ayitanidwa katundu zachitsulo. Cha kuuma kwa iwo - zambiri, koma osati liwulo. Ena mwatsatanetsatane ndi amene ali ndi zitsulo chofewetsetsa. katundu awa anatsimikiza ndi peculiarities dongosolo lawo pa mlingo maselo.

katundu zitsulo

Iron ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo ake (zitsulo, ukaponye chitsulo), mkuwa, zitsulo zotayidwa, ... Pogwiritsa ntchito mabuku amenewa amalembedwa jerks sayansi kupita patsogolo pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana chitukuko cha chitukuko. Aliyense wa zitsulo awa ali mikhalidwe imene kupereka wapadera yothandiza. Nkhani zimene zimapezeka kwa iwo ndi mkulu matenthedwe ndi magetsi madutsidwe, plasticity - luso kukhalabe okhulupirika pa mapindikidwe, zachitsulo luster.

Damask tsamba amadula chitsulo zida, ndipo ambiri zofewa zitsulo limene pali kuda amene amadza pang'ono, mofanana ndi nyumba mkati. Pa maziko ake - crystalline latisi, imene mfundo - maatomu ndi mlandu zabwino ndi ndale, pakati limene "mpweya pakompyuta" - particles anasiya zipolopolo kunja kwa maatomu chifukwa cha kufooka chifukwa pakati. Special zachitsulo mgwirizano ayoni zabwino ili mu latisi Krustalo, ikuchitika ndi mphamvu yokoka, chifukwa mu "elekitironi mpweya". Kuuma, kachulukidwe, zitsulo limatsogolera kutentha zimadalira ambiri "mpweya" ndi.

I kwa kuwunika

Yankho la funso za mtundu wa zitsulo ndi yofewa kwambiri, nthawi zonse padzakhala nkhani zokambirana, ngati simukugwirizana pa mfundo kuti ziyenera ndipo chimatanthauza mfundo kudekha yokha. Feedback za mapangidwe izi chuma udzakhala akatswiri osiyanasiyana m'mafakitale osiyana. Metallurgist akhoza kuwamva monga ductility ndi softness wamkulu ndimakhala kuona mapindikidwe zakuthupi abrasive, ndi zina zotero. D.

Zipangizo asayansi muyenera kukhala wokhoza mwachikulu kufananiza maonekedwe a zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Softness ayeneranso kukhala yosayambitsa kuwunika wamba. Zitsulo chofewetsetsa mu dziko anayenera kuona zizindikiro kutsimikizira wake "umboni" ntchito. Pali njira zingapo zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuyeza softness zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

njira muyeso

njira kwambiri kalata kuuma muyeso zochokera muyeso ndi zipangizo mwatsatanetsatane kukhudzana chikoka pa nkhani mayeso m'thupi olimba, wotchedwa indenter. Malinga mtundu wa indenter ndi pa njira muyeso njira zingapo zofunika:

- Brinell njira. Anafunitsitsa indentation awiri zitsulo mpira masamba indentation ku padziko thunthu mayeso.

- Rockwell. Anayeza indentation akuya daimondi padziko mpira kapena mbewa zakufa.

- Vickers. Tsimikizani kusindikiza dera, kusiya daimondi anayi amaganiza piramidi.

- gombe kuuma. Iwo ali lonse yake zipangizo mwakhama ndi ofewa - anayeza kuya kumiza singano wapadera kapena kutalika kwa linagawidwa padziko pini wapadera.

Mohs lonse kuuma

Izi lonse kuti tipeze kuuma kwa mchere ndi zitsulo wachibale wakhala akufuna pa chiyambi cha XIX atumwi German Fridrihom Moosom. Bukuli lili ndi njira kukanda pamene nyemba olimba masamba chizindikiro pa lililonse limatisokoneza, ndi yabwino kwambiri kuti tipeze - zimene zitsulo ndi chofewetsetsa. Poyerekezera ndi kutchulidwa 10 mchere, amene anatumizidwa ndi makonzedwe muyeso wa kuuma, mayeso mankhwala anatsimikiza pamlingo, ndipo n'zosangalatsa kumva index. Buku mchere chofewetsetsa - talc. Iwo ali Mohs kuuma - 1, ndi ambiri olimba, daimondi - 10.

Kufufuza kuuma pa Mohs lonse limapezeka pa "lililonse limatisokoneza -. N'kovuta" Kudziwa ndendende kangati, mwachitsanzo, zotayidwa kukhala Mohs index 2,75, lililonse limatisokoneza tungsten (6.0) ndi kokha zotsatira muyeso zochokera njira zina. Koma kudziwa zitsulo chofewetsetsa mu tebulo nthawi ya tebulo ndi zokwanira.

Kwambiri zofewa - zitsulo soda

Kuchokera mineralogical Mohs lonse izo zikusonyeza kuti chofewetsetsa ndi zinthu a zitsulo soda. Ngakhale Mercury, kuti ankadziwa zambiri mu madzi a thermometer, ali ndi kuuma mtengo wa 1.5. Lililonse limatisokoneza zinthu zake angapo ali ofanana physico-mankhwala ndi katundu makina: lifiyamu (0.6 Mohs 'lonse), sodium (0.5), potaziyamu (0.4), rubidium (0,3). Kwambiri zofewa zitsulo - ndi cesium, kukhala ndi kuuma pa Mohs lonse index 0.2.

Thupi ndi mankhwala katundu zitsulo soda anafotokozedwa ndi elekitironi kasinthidwe awo. Ndi kokha wosiyana pang'ono kwa kapangidwe mpweya inert. Ma elekitironi ili mu akunja mlingo mphamvu ali ndi zoyendayenda, amene amasankha mkulu ntchito mankhwala. The zitsulo chofewetsetsa yodziwika ndi osakhalitsa makamaka, iwo ali zovuta kukonza ndi kukhalabe sichinasinthe. Iwo yodziwika ndi chiwawa mankhwala anachita ndi mpweya, madzi, mpweya.

Mchitidwe 55 №

Dzina "CS" amachokera ku caesius Latin - "kumwamba buluu" mu sipekitiramu panamveka ndi chinthu chotentha kwambiri infuraredi limasonyeza awiri yowala mikwingwirima buluu. Mu maonekedwe ake angwiro ndi chinyezimiro wabwino wa kuwala, ngati golide wowala ndi siliva - wachikasu. Cesium - chitsulo zofewa mu dziko, kuuma Brinell index - 0,15 MN / ^m2 (0,015 kgf / masentimita ^2). Limatsogolera mfundo: + 28,5 ° C, choncho m'mikhalidwe wamba firiji kwa cesium ndi boma semiliquid.

Ndi osowa, mtengo ndipo kwambiri zotakasika zitsulo. Mu zamagetsi, zomangamanga ndi mankhwala mafakitale magetsi cesium luso mkulu ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo ake kupeza kuwonjezeka ntchito ndi kufunika kwa izo zikuchulukirachulukira mosalekeza. Pamafunika ntchito mankhwala ake, luso kupanga pawiri ndi madutsidwe apamwamba. Cesium - yofunika zikuluzikulu za kupanga zida wapadera kuwala, younikira ndi wapadera katundu ndi zina zamakono. Mu nkhani iyi, softness - si kwambiri anafuna-pambuyo khalidwe.